[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":1153},["Reactive",2],{"options:asyncdata:$ogpPUTwkW6:/p/valle-fluvial:0":3},{"page":4,"book":25,"news":1147,"questionSent":19,"questions":1148,"formData":1149,"attachments":22,"chartData":22,"pending":19,"chartOptions":1150,"afspec":19,"aflink":1152},{"id":5,"book_id":6,"chapter_id":7,"name":8,"slug":9,"html":10,"priority":11,"created_at":12,"updated_at":13,"created_by":14,"updated_by":18,"draft":19,"markdown":20,"revision_count":15,"template":19,"owned_by":21,"editor":20,"trends":22,"raw_html":23,"tags":24},4031,11,0,"Valle fluvial","valle-fluvial","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-un-valle-fluvial-es-\">Un \u003Cstrong>valle fluvial\u003C/strong> es una depresión con forma alargada y más o menos amplia generada por la erosión de un curso de agua que discurre por su fondo. La inclinación de las laderas, la velocidad del curso de agua y las propiedades del suelo son los factores diferenciadores del tipo y nivel de erosión que presente el valle. \u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-puede-interesarte-ta\">\u003Cstrong>Puede interesarte también\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cul id=\"bkmrk-llanura-aluvial\">\r\n\u003Cli class=\"null\">\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/llanura-aluvial\">\u003Cstrong>Llanura aluvial\u003C/strong>\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>",211,"2026-02-22T10:20:37.000000Z","2026-03-08T13:57:15.000000Z",{"id":15,"name":16,"slug":17},1,"Admin","admin",{"id":15,"name":16,"slug":17},false,"",{"id":15,"name":16,"slug":17},null,"\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-un-valle-fluvial-es-\">Un \u003Cstrong>valle fluvial\u003C/strong> es una depresión con forma alargada y más o menos amplia generada por la erosión de un curso de agua que discurre por su fondo. La inclinación de las laderas, la velocidad del curso de agua y las propiedades del suelo son los factores diferenciadores del tipo y nivel de erosión que presente el valle. \u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-puede-interesarte-ta\">\u003Cstrong>Puede interesarte también\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cul id=\"bkmrk-llanura-aluvial\">\r\n\u003Cli class=\"null\">\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/llanura-aluvial\">\u003Cstrong>Llanura aluvial\u003C/strong>\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>",[],{"id":6,"name":26,"slug":27,"description":20,"created_at":28,"updated_at":28,"created_by":15,"updated_by":15,"owned_by":15,"default_template_id":22,"pages":29,"index":60,"shelves":1140},"Geografía general","geografia-general","2023-05-07T12:43:44.000000Z",[30,35,40,45,50,55],{"id":31,"name":32,"slug":33,"html":34},2637,"Macizos antiguos","macizos-antiguos","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-en-geomorfolog%C3%ADa%2C-lo\">\u003Cspan id=\"bkmrk-en-geomorfolog%C3%ADa%2C-lo-1\" class=\"form-control-text textarea\" style=\"display: block;\" role=\"textbox\">En geomorfología, los \u003Cstrong>macizos antiguos  o zócalos\u003C/strong> son unidades morfoestructurales del relieve elevadas, de formas suaves, que agrupan morfológicamente cordilleras de mediana altura y a veces altiplanicies y \u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/penillanura\">\u003Cstrong>penillanuras\u003C/strong>\u003C/a>. Tienen su origen en orogenias de una época geológica antigua, cuyo relieve ha sido erosionado por completo y cuyos restos han sido levantados o elevados por una nueva orogenia. En la Península Ibérica, son macizos antiguos los montes de Galicia, los montes de Toledo y Sierra Morena.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-%C2%A0\"> \u003C/p>",{"id":36,"name":37,"slug":38,"html":39},1634,"Proceso de urbanización","proceso-de-urbanizacion","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-el-proceso-de-urbani\">El \u003Cstrong>proceso de urbanización\u003C/strong> es un proceso geográfico, social y económico por el cual la población y las actividades económicas se concentran en las ciudades, generalmente como consecuencia de migraciones exógenas. A partir de ahí, el proceso de urbanización es también el proceso de ampliación y desarrollo de las ciudades,  promoviendo nuevas actividades económicas dentro de ellas y atrayendo con ello nuevos habitantes. \u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"id":41,"name":42,"slug":43,"html":44},1555,"Fenómenos atmosféricos","fenomenos-atmosfericos","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-los-fen%C3%B3menos-atmosf\">Los \u003Cstrong>fenómenos atmosféricos\u003C/strong> son aquellos fenómenos, sucesos, eventos, características o procesos, que se desarrollan en la atmósfera, tanto de corta duración (a veces, segundos) como a largo plazo (miles de años), a escala local (un chaparrón) o planetaria (el calentamiento global). Cuando son fenómenos más o menos locales y de corta duración se denominan fenómenos meteorológicos, como son la lluvia, la nubosidad y  la temperatura. A escala mayor y a largo plazo, se denominan fenómenos climáticos.\u003C/p>",{"id":46,"name":47,"slug":48,"html":49},3749,"Atributos geográficos (atributos del espacio geográficos)","atributos-geograficos-atributos-del-espacio-geograficos","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-en-el-contexto-de-lo\">En el contexto de los \u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/sistemas-de-informacion-geografica-sig\">sistemas de información geográfica o SIG\u003C/a>, los \u003Cstrong>atributos geográficos o atributos del espacio geográfico\u003C/strong> son caracterísitcas cualitativas (por ejemplo, tipo de cultivo) o cuantitativas (por ejemplo, elevación)  que se capturan en el sistema respecto de un punto u objeto geográfico en concreto.\u003C/p>",{"id":51,"name":52,"slug":53,"html":54},3718,"Latifundio","latifundio","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-un-latifundio-es-una\">Un \u003Cstrong>latifundio \u003C/strong>es una gran extensión de terreno, del orden de miles de hectáreas, que se dedica a la agricultura o ganadería de forma extensiva y que pertenece a un único propietario. Como estructuras históricamente feudales o coloniales, la  existencia de los latifundios ha sido causa de coflictos sociales y políticos por la desigualdad y desequilibrios que generan en el ámbito rural, a raíz de la mano de obra subalterna que se necesita para su explotación económica. De este modo, la lucha contra los latifundios, el reparto de esas tierras entre el campesinado o su gestión comunitaria, con el nombre de reforma agraria, ha sido en muchos periodos históricos a piedra angular del progreso social y la emancipación en el ámibto rural. \u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"id":56,"name":57,"slug":58,"html":59},2114,"Policultivo","policultivo","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-el-policultivo-es-el\">El \u003Cstrong>policultivo\u003C/strong> es el sistema agrícola que agrupa diferentes cultivos en una misma área o terreno. Se contrapone al monocultivo, que consiste en el cultivo de una sola especie. Si bien el policultivo dificulta la mecanización agrícola y presenta generalmente una menor productividad  frente al monocultivo, presenta ventajas en relación a su resistencia a plagas y sostenibilidad ambiental.\u003C/p>",{"":61},[62,66,70,75,80,85,90,95,100,105,110,115,119,124,129,134,139,144,149,154,156,161,166,171,176,181,186,191,196,201,206,211,216,221,226,231,236,241,246,251,256,261,266,271,276,281,286,291,296,301,306,311,316,321,326,331,336,341,346,351,356,361,366,371,376,381,386,390,395,400,405,410,415,420,425,430,435,440,445,450,455,460,465,470,475,480,482,487,492,497,502,507,511,516,521,526,531,536,541,546,551,556,561,566,571,576,581,586,590,595,600,605,610,615,620,625,630,635,640,645,650,652,657,662,667,672,677,682,687,689,694,699,704,709,714,719,724,729,733,738,743,748,753,758,763,768,773,778,783,788,793,798,803,808,813,818,823,828,833,838,843,848,853,858,863,868,873,878,883,887,892,897,902,906,907,912,917,922,927,929,933,938,943,948,953,958,963,968,973,978,983,988,993,998,1003,1008,1013,1018,1023,1028,1033,1038,1043,1048,1053,1058,1062,1066,1071,1075,1080,1085,1086,1091,1095,1100,1105,1110,1115,1120,1125,1130,1135],{"id":63,"name":64,"slug":65,"priority":7,"chapter_name":22},373,"Acción antrópica (actividad antrópica)","accion-antropica-actividad-antropica",{"id":67,"name":68,"slug":69,"priority":15,"chapter_name":22},648,"Aceleración urbana","aceleracion-urbana",{"id":71,"name":72,"slug":73,"priority":74,"chapter_name":22},3856,"Actividad agrícola","actividad-agricola",2,{"id":76,"name":77,"slug":78,"priority":79,"chapter_name":22},1147,"Afelio y perihelio","afelio-y-perihelio",3,{"id":81,"name":82,"slug":83,"priority":84,"chapter_name":22},213,"Agricultura","agricultura",4,{"id":86,"name":87,"slug":88,"priority":89,"chapter_name":22},2725,"Aguas oceánicas","aguas-oceanicas",5,{"id":91,"name":92,"slug":93,"priority":94,"chapter_name":22},1114,"Aguas superficiales","aguas-superficiales",6,{"id":96,"name":97,"slug":98,"priority":99,"chapter_name":22},438,"Albufera","albufera",7,{"id":101,"name":102,"slug":103,"priority":104,"chapter_name":22},2189,"Altiplano","altiplano",8,{"id":106,"name":107,"slug":108,"priority":109,"chapter_name":22},2177,"Altitud","altitud",9,{"id":111,"name":112,"slug":113,"priority":114,"chapter_name":22},2115,"Altitud geográfica y altitud media","altitud-geografica-y-altitud-media",10,{"id":116,"name":117,"slug":118,"priority":6,"chapter_name":22},179,"Amenazas locales y amenazas globales","amenazas-locales-y-amenazas-globales",{"id":120,"name":121,"slug":122,"priority":123,"chapter_name":22},1587,"Amplitud térmica (oscilación térmica)","amplitud-termica-oscilacion-termica",12,{"id":125,"name":126,"slug":127,"priority":128,"chapter_name":22},3013,"Anecúmene","anecumene",13,{"id":130,"name":131,"slug":132,"priority":133,"chapter_name":22},3354,"Antroposfera","antroposfera",14,{"id":135,"name":136,"slug":137,"priority":138,"chapter_name":22},1772,"Área metropolitana","area-metropolitana",15,{"id":140,"name":141,"slug":142,"priority":143,"chapter_name":22},1800,"Arroyo","arroyo",16,{"id":145,"name":146,"slug":147,"priority":148,"chapter_name":22},2163,"Astro rey","astro-rey",17,{"id":150,"name":151,"slug":152,"priority":153,"chapter_name":22},173,"Atractividad urbana","atractividad-urbana",18,{"id":46,"name":47,"slug":48,"priority":155,"chapter_name":22},19,{"id":157,"name":158,"slug":159,"priority":160,"chapter_name":22},2947,"Barra litoral (cordón litoral)","barra-litoral-cordon-litoral",20,{"id":162,"name":163,"slug":164,"priority":165,"chapter_name":22},3436,"Barrio (geografía urbana)","barrio-geografia-urbana",21,{"id":167,"name":168,"slug":169,"priority":170,"chapter_name":22},208,"Barrio chino","barrio-chino",22,{"id":172,"name":173,"slug":174,"priority":175,"chapter_name":22},2813,"Barrios obreros","barrios-obreros",23,{"id":177,"name":178,"slug":179,"priority":180,"chapter_name":22},3437,"Bioma","bioma",24,{"id":182,"name":183,"slug":184,"priority":185,"chapter_name":22},1065,"Bloque exento (edificio exento)","bloque-exento-edificio-exento",25,{"id":187,"name":188,"slug":189,"priority":190,"chapter_name":22},1837,"Bocage","bocage",26,{"id":192,"name":193,"slug":194,"priority":195,"chapter_name":22},2113,"Caladero de pesca","caladero-de-pesca",27,{"id":197,"name":198,"slug":199,"priority":200,"chapter_name":22},3418,"Cambio climático","cambio-climatico",28,{"id":202,"name":203,"slug":204,"priority":205,"chapter_name":22},239,"Campos abiertos (openfield)","campos-abiertos-openfield",29,{"id":207,"name":208,"slug":209,"priority":210,"chapter_name":22},1836,"Campos cerrados","campos-cerrados",30,{"id":212,"name":213,"slug":214,"priority":215,"chapter_name":22},2331,"Capital económica","capital-economica",31,{"id":217,"name":218,"slug":219,"priority":220,"chapter_name":22},1298,"Cárcavas","carcavas",32,{"id":222,"name":223,"slug":224,"priority":225,"chapter_name":22},485,"Carretera secundaria","carretera-secundaria",33,{"id":227,"name":228,"slug":229,"priority":230,"chapter_name":22},2405,"Carretera terciaria","carretera-terciaria",34,{"id":232,"name":233,"slug":234,"priority":235,"chapter_name":22},3108,"Casquete glaciar","casquete-glaciar",35,{"id":237,"name":238,"slug":239,"priority":240,"chapter_name":22},1663,"Casquetes polares","casquetes-polares",36,{"id":242,"name":243,"slug":244,"priority":245,"chapter_name":22},1010,"Caudal hidrológico","caudal-hidrologico",37,{"id":247,"name":248,"slug":249,"priority":250,"chapter_name":22},2448,"Círculo máximo","circulo-maximo",38,{"id":252,"name":253,"slug":254,"priority":255,"chapter_name":22},1689,"Ciudad compacta","ciudad-compacta",39,{"id":257,"name":258,"slug":259,"priority":260,"chapter_name":22},168,"Ciudad dispersa (ciudad difusa)","ciudad-dispersa-ciudad-difusa",40,{"id":262,"name":263,"slug":264,"priority":265,"chapter_name":22},1905,"Ciudad minera","ciudad-minera",41,{"id":267,"name":268,"slug":269,"priority":270,"chapter_name":22},1885,"Ciudad portuaria","ciudad-portuaria",42,{"id":272,"name":273,"slug":274,"priority":275,"chapter_name":22},3014,"Ciudad satélite","ciudad-satelite",43,{"id":277,"name":278,"slug":279,"priority":280,"chapter_name":22},1908,"Ciudad universitaria","ciudad-universitaria",44,{"id":282,"name":283,"slug":284,"priority":285,"chapter_name":22},4018,"Ciudad-región","ciudad-region",45,{"id":287,"name":288,"slug":289,"priority":290,"chapter_name":22},3703,"Cobertura vegetal (cubierta vegetal)","cobertura-vegetal-cubierta-vegetal",46,{"id":292,"name":293,"slug":294,"priority":295,"chapter_name":22},3857,"Comarca","comarca",47,{"id":297,"name":298,"slug":299,"priority":300,"chapter_name":22},2217,"Comunidad suburbana","comunidad-suburbana",48,{"id":302,"name":303,"slug":304,"priority":305,"chapter_name":22},2686,"Cono de deyección","cono-de-deyeccion",49,{"id":307,"name":308,"slug":309,"priority":310,"chapter_name":22},1564,"Continente","continente",50,{"id":312,"name":313,"slug":314,"priority":315,"chapter_name":22},1774,"Conurbación (conurbanización)","conurbacion-conurbanizacion",51,{"id":317,"name":318,"slug":319,"priority":320,"chapter_name":22},851,"Coordenadas geográficas","coordenadas-geograficas",52,{"id":322,"name":323,"slug":324,"priority":325,"chapter_name":22},2324,"Cordillera","cordillera",53,{"id":327,"name":328,"slug":329,"priority":330,"chapter_name":22},2441,"Cordilleras alpinas","cordilleras-alpinas",54,{"id":332,"name":333,"slug":334,"priority":335,"chapter_name":22},3055,"Corografía","corografia",55,{"id":337,"name":338,"slug":339,"priority":340,"chapter_name":22},4030,"Costa de inmersión (costa de hundimiento, costa de transgresión)","costa-de-inmersion-costa-de-hundimiento-costa-de-transgresion",56,{"id":342,"name":343,"slug":344,"priority":345,"chapter_name":22},711,"Costas marítimas","costas-maritimas",57,{"id":347,"name":348,"slug":349,"priority":350,"chapter_name":22},2226,"Cresterío","cresterio",58,{"id":352,"name":353,"slug":354,"priority":355,"chapter_name":22},849,"Cuadrícula de referencia","cuadricula-de-referencia",59,{"id":357,"name":358,"slug":359,"priority":360,"chapter_name":22},226,"Cuenca del Ruhr","cuenca-del-ruhr",60,{"id":362,"name":363,"slug":364,"priority":365,"chapter_name":22},1040,"Deforestación","deforestacion",61,{"id":367,"name":368,"slug":369,"priority":370,"chapter_name":22},1175,"Degradación paisajística, paisajes degradados","degradacion-paisajistica-paisajes-degradados",62,{"id":372,"name":373,"slug":374,"priority":375,"chapter_name":22},471,"Densificación urbana","densificacion-urbana",63,{"id":377,"name":378,"slug":379,"priority":380,"chapter_name":22},2854,"Derrubios","derrubios",64,{"id":382,"name":383,"slug":384,"priority":385,"chapter_name":22},1157,"Desarrollo urbanístico","desarrollo-urbanistico",65,{"id":138,"name":387,"slug":388,"priority":389,"chapter_name":22},"Desiertos alimentarios","desiertos-alimentarios",66,{"id":391,"name":392,"slug":393,"priority":394,"chapter_name":22},1978,"Diversidad geográfica y complejidad geográfica","diversidad-geografica-y-complejidad-geografica",67,{"id":396,"name":397,"slug":398,"priority":399,"chapter_name":22},1743,"División política (división política administrativa)","division-politica-division-politica-administrativa",68,{"id":401,"name":402,"slug":403,"priority":404,"chapter_name":22},1467,"Ecodependencia","ecodependencia",69,{"id":406,"name":407,"slug":408,"priority":409,"chapter_name":22},764,"Ejes de desarrollo","ejes-de-desarrollo",70,{"id":411,"name":412,"slug":413,"priority":414,"chapter_name":22},2697,"Ejes urbanos","ejes-urbanos",71,{"id":416,"name":417,"slug":418,"priority":419,"chapter_name":22},3015,"Emplazamiento urbano","emplazamiento-urbano",72,{"id":421,"name":422,"slug":423,"priority":424,"chapter_name":22},1213,"Encajante (geología)","encajante-geologia",73,{"id":426,"name":427,"slug":428,"priority":429,"chapter_name":22},2568,"Ensanche (urbanización)","ensanche-urbanizacion",74,{"id":431,"name":432,"slug":433,"priority":434,"chapter_name":22},2215,"Entorno físico","entorno-fisico",75,{"id":436,"name":437,"slug":438,"priority":439,"chapter_name":22},2154,"Escala cartográfica","escala-cartografica",76,{"id":441,"name":442,"slug":443,"priority":444,"chapter_name":22},2158,"Escala gráfica","escala-grafica",77,{"id":446,"name":447,"slug":448,"priority":449,"chapter_name":22},2147,"Escala numérica (mapas y planos)","escala-numerica-mapas-y-planos",78,{"id":451,"name":452,"slug":453,"priority":454,"chapter_name":22},1528,"Escollera (dique de escollera, muro de escollera)","escollera-dique-de-escollera-muro-de-escollera",79,{"id":456,"name":457,"slug":458,"priority":459,"chapter_name":22},2358,"Espacio geográfico","espacio-geografico",80,{"id":461,"name":462,"slug":463,"priority":464,"chapter_name":22},1863,"Espacios urbanos (áreas urbanas)","espacios-urbanos-areas-urbanas",81,{"id":466,"name":467,"slug":468,"priority":469,"chapter_name":22},995,"Estabilidad ambiental","estabilidad-ambiental",82,{"id":471,"name":472,"slug":473,"priority":474,"chapter_name":22},1815,"Éxodo rural","exodo-rural",83,{"id":476,"name":477,"slug":478,"priority":479,"chapter_name":22},2207,"Expatriados","expatriados",84,{"id":41,"name":42,"slug":43,"priority":481,"chapter_name":22},85,{"id":483,"name":484,"slug":485,"priority":486,"chapter_name":22},2503,"Fenómenos naturales","fenomenos-naturales",86,{"id":488,"name":489,"slug":490,"priority":491,"chapter_name":22},4029,"Flecha litoral","flecha-litoral",87,{"id":493,"name":494,"slug":495,"priority":496,"chapter_name":22},2093,"Frente cálido","frente-calido",88,{"id":498,"name":499,"slug":500,"priority":501,"chapter_name":22},2094,"Frente frío","frente-frio",89,{"id":503,"name":504,"slug":505,"priority":506,"chapter_name":22},856,"Frontera 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