[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":1175},["Reactive",2],{"options:asyncdata:$ogpPUTwkW6:/p/totalitarismo:0":3},{"page":4,"book":25,"news":1169,"questionSent":19,"questions":1170,"formData":1171,"attachments":22,"chartData":22,"pending":19,"chartOptions":1172,"afspec":19,"aflink":1174},{"id":5,"book_id":6,"chapter_id":7,"name":8,"slug":9,"html":10,"priority":11,"created_at":12,"updated_at":13,"created_by":14,"updated_by":18,"draft":19,"markdown":20,"revision_count":15,"template":19,"owned_by":21,"editor":20,"trends":22,"raw_html":23,"tags":24},4090,8,0,"Totalitarismo","totalitarismo","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-el-totalitarismo-es-\">\u003Cspan id=\"bkmrk-el-totalitarismo-es--1\" class=\"form-control-text textarea\" style=\"display: block;\" role=\"textbox\">El \u003Cstrong>totalitarismo\u003C/strong> es un tipo de régimen político que ejerce un control total de la sociedad y sus individuos y que en base a una ideología o religión excluyente se restringen los derechos individuales y se privilegia la autoridad absoluta del Estado. Las raíces de los regímenes totalitarios son ancestrales; así, el filósofo Karl Popper criticó tajantemente la filosofía política de Platón, materializada especialmente en la ciudad ideal que denominó Kalipolis, en su obra \u003Cem>Sociedad abierta y sus enemigos\u003C/em> de 1945.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>",231,"2026-03-08T14:04:16.000000Z","2026-03-08T14:16:09.000000Z",{"id":15,"name":16,"slug":17},1,"Admin","admin",{"id":15,"name":16,"slug":17},false,"",{"id":15,"name":16,"slug":17},null,"\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-el-totalitarismo-es-\">\u003Cspan id=\"bkmrk-el-totalitarismo-es--1\" class=\"form-control-text textarea\" style=\"display: block;\" role=\"textbox\">El \u003Cstrong>totalitarismo\u003C/strong> es un tipo de régimen político que ejerce un control total de la sociedad y sus individuos y que en base a una ideología o religión excluyente se restringen los derechos individuales y se privilegia la autoridad absoluta del Estado. Las raíces de los regímenes totalitarios son ancestrales; así, el filósofo Karl Popper criticó tajantemente la filosofía política de Platón, materializada especialmente en la ciudad ideal que denominó Kalipolis, en su obra \u003Cem>Sociedad abierta y sus enemigos\u003C/em> de 1945.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>",[],{"id":6,"name":26,"slug":27,"description":20,"created_at":28,"updated_at":29,"created_by":15,"updated_by":15,"owned_by":15,"default_template_id":22,"pages":30,"index":61,"shelves":1158},"Política general","politica-general","2023-05-07T11:46:18.000000Z","2023-05-07T11:54:29.000000Z",[31,36,41,46,51,56],{"id":32,"name":33,"slug":34,"html":35},734,"Instituciones políticas","instituciones-politicas","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-una-instituci%C3%B3n-pol%C3%AD\">Una \u003Cstrong>institución política\u003C/strong> es cada uno de las entidades, órganos u organizaciones con influencia, poder de decisión y capacidad de ejecución, entre otros el parlamento, el jefe de estado, el consejo de ministros, los partidos políticos, desde el reconocimiento mutuo y trabajo conjunto en aras del buen funcionamiento y progreso del estado, forman la organización política de un país.\u003C/p>",{"id":37,"name":38,"slug":39,"html":40},3225,"Resistencia (política)","resistencia-politica","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-la-resistencia-es-el\">La \u003Cstrong>resistencia\u003C/strong> es el conjunto de personas que de forma más o menos organizada se oponen y luchan contra un régimen político generalmente represor,  dictatorial o totalitario desde la clandestinidad o contra el invasor. Se puede desarrollar a través de la propaganda, la desobediencia civil, la insurrección o la lucha armada.\u003C/p>",{"id":42,"name":43,"slug":44,"html":45},3713,"Hegemonía (política, Antonio Gramsci)","hegemonia-politica-antonio-gramsci","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-la-hegemon%C3%ADa%2C-en-el-\">\u003Cspan id=\"bkmrk-la-hegemon%C3%ADa%2C-en-el--1\" class=\"form-control-text textarea\" style=\"display: block;\" role=\"textbox\">La \u003Cstrong>hegemonía, en el plano político e ideológico\u003C/strong>, es un concepto desarrollado por el comunista italiano Antonio Gramsci (1891-1937) para explicar cómo en algunos países los obreros se sometían a los planteamientos de la burguesía durante el siglo XX y daban la espalda al comunismo. Sobre la definición, podría decirse que la hegemonía es el control de la ideología que, junto con la dependencia económica de los obreros y el uso de la fuerza, domina al proletariado. La hegemonía sería una ideología razonable, establecida por la clase dominante y aceptada por la mayoría de la sociedad; se inserta pacíficamente en el seno de todas las clases sociales, a través de los medios de comunicación, de la escuela y hasta de la religión, pero también puede imponerse por la fuerza contra una minoría, con el consentimiento de la mayoría. En opinión de Gramsci (y también de Marx), la cultura y la ideología no son neutrales, sino instrumento de las clases dominantes, y sería más apropiado sustituir estos términos neutrales por el concepto de hegemonía. Otro pensador que ha teorizado profundamente la hegemonía ha sido Ernesto Laclau (1935-2014).\u003C/span>\u003C/p>",{"id":47,"name":48,"slug":49,"html":50},1029,"Dictadura militar","dictadura-militar","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-una-dictadura-milita\">Una \u003Cstrong>dictadura militar\u003C/strong> es aquel régimen autoritario y no democrático en la que la jefatura del estado o autoridad suprema y el gobierno o poder ejecutivo recae sobre un grupo de militares encabezados generalmente por un líder también militar.\u003C/p>",{"id":52,"name":53,"slug":54,"html":55},1277,"Cargo electo","cargo-electo","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-un-cargo-electo-o-el\">Un \u003Cstrong>cargo electo o electo\u003C/strong> es una persona que ha sido elegida en unas elecciones democráticas para el desempeño de un cargo institucional, normalmente en el ámbito polñitico. Normalmente la expresión  se utiliza para englobar a concejales y alcaldes, como cargos electos a nivel municipal, y diputados y senadores, a nivel estatal.\u003C/p>",{"id":57,"name":58,"slug":59,"html":60},1684,"Centralismo","centralismo","\u003Cdiv class=\"row\" id=\"bkmrk-el-centralismo-es-un\">\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"col-md-12 col-xs-12\">El \u003Cstrong>centralismo\u003C/strong> \u003Cstrong>o centralización política \u003C/strong>es una forma de organización política en que el Estado y las Administraciones Públicas se dirigen desde una autoridad única que adopta de forma concentrada las decisiones políticas asumiendo todas las funciones y recursos, ejecutando y controlando dichas decisiones en todos los territorios y órganos administrativos. Se opone a otros sistemas descentralizados, entre ellos el \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/federalismo/\">federalismo\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>. Entre las ventajas, el centralismo acelera las decisiones y, en consecuencia, reduce los costes operacionales, rechazando las discusiones y negociaciones para alcanzar acuerdos y consensos. Como inconveniente se encuentran, por orden, los conflictos que puede provocar el centralismo cuando hay grupos u órganos que perciben las políticas y decisiones centralistas como imposiciones. El concepto de centralismo puede extenderse a cualquier otra institución, ya sea un partido político, una empresa o cualquier otra.\u003C/div>\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"col-md-12 col-xs-12\">\u003Cbr>\u003C/div>\r\n\u003C/div>\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"col-md-12 col-xs-12\" id=\"bkmrk-\">\u003C/div>\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"col-md-12 col-xs-12\" id=\"bkmrk-puede-interesarte-ta\">\u003Cstrong>Puede interesarte también\u003C/strong>\u003C/div>\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"col-md-12 col-xs-12\" id=\"bkmrk--1\">\u003C/div>\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"col-md-12 col-xs-12\" id=\"bkmrk-estado-centralista\">\r\n\u003Cul>\r\n\u003Cli class=\"null\">\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/estado-centralizado-estado-centralista\">Estado centralista\u003C/a>\u003Cbr>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003Cli class=\"null\">\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/centralizacion-del-poder\">Centralización del poder\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>\r\n\u003C/div>\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"col-md-12 col-xs-12\" id=\"bkmrk--2\">\u003C/div>\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"col-md-12 col-xs-12\" id=\"bkmrk--3\">\u003C/div>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-%C2%A0\">\u003C/p>",{"":62},[63,67,72,77,82,87,92,97,101,106,110,115,120,125,130,135,140,145,149,154,159,164,169,174,179,184,189,194,198,203,208,212,217,222,227,232,237,242,247,251,256,261,266,271,276,281,286,291,296,301,306,311,316,321,326,331,336,341,346,351,356,358,363,368,373,378,383,388,393,398,403,408,413,418,423,427,432,437,442,447,452,457,462,464,468,473,478,483,488,493,498,503,508,513,518,523,528,533,538,543,545,550,555,560,565,570,575,579,584,589,594,599,604,609,614,619,624,629,634,639,643,648,653,658,660,665,670,675,680,685,690,695,699,703,708,713,718,723,728,733,738,743,748,753,758,763,768,773,778,782,787,791,796,801,806,811,816,821,826,831,836,841,845,850,855,860,865,870,875,880,885,890,895,900,905,910,915,920,924,928,933,938,942,947,952,957,962,967,972,977,982,987,992,997,1002,1007,1012,1014,1019,1024,1029,1034,1039,1044,1049,1054,1059,1064,1069,1074,1079,1081,1086,1091,1096,1100,1104,1109,1113,1118,1123,1128,1132,1137,1142,1147,1148,1153],{"id":64,"name":65,"slug":66,"priority":15,"chapter_name":22},10,"Sujeto político","sujeto-politico",{"id":68,"name":69,"slug":70,"priority":71,"chapter_name":22},18,"Pronunciamiento","pronunciamiento",2,{"id":73,"name":74,"slug":75,"priority":76,"chapter_name":22},30,"Socialismo marxista","socialismo-marxista",3,{"id":78,"name":79,"slug":80,"priority":81,"chapter_name":22},38,"Estado laico","estado-laico",4,{"id":83,"name":84,"slug":85,"priority":86,"chapter_name":22},74,"Sindicato de clase","sindicato-de-clase",5,{"id":88,"name":89,"slug":90,"priority":91,"chapter_name":22},106,"Pluralismo ideológico","pluralismo-ideologico",6,{"id":93,"name":94,"slug":95,"priority":96,"chapter_name":22},109,"Rebaremación","rebaremacion",7,{"id":98,"name":99,"slug":100,"priority":6,"chapter_name":22},120,"Cortes Constitucionales","cortes-constitucionales",{"id":102,"name":103,"slug":104,"priority":105,"chapter_name":22},129,"Voto en blanco","voto-en-blanco",9,{"id":107,"name":108,"slug":109,"priority":64,"chapter_name":22},133,"Sección electoral","seccion-electoral",{"id":111,"name":112,"slug":113,"priority":114,"chapter_name":22},134,"Sufragio indirecto","sufragio-indirecto",11,{"id":116,"name":117,"slug":118,"priority":119,"chapter_name":22},135,"Mesa electoral","mesa-electoral",12,{"id":121,"name":122,"slug":123,"priority":124,"chapter_name":22},153,"Municipalismo","municipalismo",13,{"id":126,"name":127,"slug":128,"priority":129,"chapter_name":22},155,"Reformas sociales","reformas-sociales",14,{"id":131,"name":132,"slug":133,"priority":134,"chapter_name":22},167,"Liberalismo democrático","liberalismo-democratico",15,{"id":136,"name":137,"slug":138,"priority":139,"chapter_name":22},183,"Soberanía popular","soberania-popular",16,{"id":141,"name":142,"slug":143,"priority":144,"chapter_name":22},184,"Conspiración","conspiracion",17,{"id":146,"name":147,"slug":148,"priority":68,"chapter_name":22},187,"Cuneros y cunerismo","cuneros-y-cunerismo",{"id":150,"name":151,"slug":152,"priority":153,"chapter_name":22},220,"Alternancia política","alternancia-politica",19,{"id":155,"name":156,"slug":157,"priority":158,"chapter_name":22},221,"Autonomía política","autonomia-politica",20,{"id":160,"name":161,"slug":162,"priority":163,"chapter_name":22},223,"Justicia social","justicia-social",21,{"id":165,"name":166,"slug":167,"priority":168,"chapter_name":22},227,"Abstención técnica","abstencion-tecnica",22,{"id":170,"name":171,"slug":172,"priority":173,"chapter_name":22},269,"Estado teocrático","estado-teocratico",23,{"id":175,"name":176,"slug":177,"priority":178,"chapter_name":22},289,"Derechización","derechizacion",24,{"id":180,"name":181,"slug":182,"priority":183,"chapter_name":22},291,"Sufragio facultativo u opcional","sufragio-facultativo-u-opcional",25,{"id":185,"name":186,"slug":187,"priority":188,"chapter_name":22},295,"Sufragio directo","sufragio-directo",26,{"id":190,"name":191,"slug":192,"priority":193,"chapter_name":22},317,"Ciclo político","ciclo-politico",27,{"id":195,"name":196,"slug":197,"priority":193,"chapter_name":22},1014,"División de poderes (separación de poderes)","division-de-poderes-separacion-de-poderes",{"id":199,"name":200,"slug":201,"priority":202,"chapter_name":22},379,"Belicismo","belicismo",28,{"id":204,"name":205,"slug":206,"priority":207,"chapter_name":22},388,"Desjudicialización","desjudicializacion",29,{"id":209,"name":210,"slug":211,"priority":73,"chapter_name":22},394,"Voto secreto (sufragio secreto)","voto-secreto-sufragio-secreto",{"id":213,"name":214,"slug":215,"priority":216,"chapter_name":22},396,"Aperturismo político","aperturismo-politico",31,{"id":218,"name":219,"slug":220,"priority":221,"chapter_name":22},408,"Marco supranacional","marco-supranacional",32,{"id":223,"name":224,"slug":225,"priority":226,"chapter_name":22},416,"Movimentismo","movimentismo",33,{"id":228,"name":229,"slug":230,"priority":231,"chapter_name":22},432,"Pucherazo","pucherazo",34,{"id":233,"name":234,"slug":235,"priority":236,"chapter_name":22},435,"Reforma política","reforma-politica",35,{"id":238,"name":239,"slug":240,"priority":241,"chapter_name":22},449,"Sindicatos corporativos o profesionales","sindicatos-corporativos-o-profesionales",36,{"id":243,"name":244,"slug":245,"priority":246,"chapter_name":22},453,"Supremacismo","supremacismo",37,{"id":248,"name":249,"slug":250,"priority":78,"chapter_name":22},491,"Apartidismo (apartidista)","apartidismo-apartidista",{"id":252,"name":253,"slug":254,"priority":255,"chapter_name":22},492,"Comisario político","comisario-politico",39,{"id":257,"name":258,"slug":259,"priority":260,"chapter_name":22},493,"Igualdad política","igualdad-politica",40,{"id":262,"name":263,"slug":264,"priority":265,"chapter_name":22},507,"Marxismo cultural","marxismo-cultural",41,{"id":267,"name":268,"slug":269,"priority":270,"chapter_name":22},506,"Partido dominante (partido hegemónico)","partido-dominante-partido-hegemonico",42,{"id":272,"name":273,"slug":274,"priority":275,"chapter_name":22},586,"Derechos humanos de tercera generación","derechos-humanos-de-tercera-generacion",43,{"id":277,"name":278,"slug":279,"priority":280,"chapter_name":22},602,"Acción directa","accion-directa",44,{"id":282,"name":283,"slug":284,"priority":285,"chapter_name":22},609,"Soberanía nacional","soberania-nacional",45,{"id":287,"name":288,"slug":289,"priority":290,"chapter_name":22},610,"Monarquía parlamentaria","monarquia-parlamentaria",46,{"id":292,"name":293,"slug":294,"priority":295,"chapter_name":22},625,"Voto igualitario (sufragio igualitario)","voto-igualitario-sufragio-igualitario",47,{"id":297,"name":298,"slug":299,"priority":300,"chapter_name":22},626,"Amnistía","amnistia",48,{"id":302,"name":303,"slug":304,"priority":305,"chapter_name":22},633,"Partido de masas","partido-de-masas",49,{"id":307,"name":308,"slug":309,"priority":310,"chapter_name":22},635,"Partido de cuadros","partido-de-cuadros",50,{"id":312,"name":313,"slug":314,"priority":315,"chapter_name":22},651,"Estructura política","estructura-politica",51,{"id":317,"name":318,"slug":319,"priority":320,"chapter_name":22},681,"Despersonalización del poder","despersonalizacion-del-poder",52,{"id":322,"name":323,"slug":324,"priority":325,"chapter_name":22},708,"Militancia","militancia",53,{"id":327,"name":328,"slug":329,"priority":330,"chapter_name":22},719,"Sindicato de trabajadores independientes","sindicato-de-trabajadores-independientes",54,{"id":332,"name":333,"slug":334,"priority":335,"chapter_name":22},722,"Neomarxismo","neomarxismo",55,{"id":337,"name":338,"slug":339,"priority":340,"chapter_name":22},730,"Internacionalismo (colaboración internacional)","internacionalismo-colaboracion-internacional",56,{"id":342,"name":343,"slug":344,"priority":345,"chapter_name":22},731,"Internacionalismo (movimiento obrero)","internacionalismo-movimiento-obrero",57,{"id":347,"name":348,"slug":349,"priority":350,"chapter_name":22},732,"Gobierno de concentración","gobierno-de-concentracion",58,{"id":352,"name":353,"slug":354,"priority":355,"chapter_name":22},733,"Organización política","organizacion-politica",59,{"id":32,"name":33,"slug":34,"priority":357,"chapter_name":22},60,{"id":359,"name":360,"slug":361,"priority":362,"chapter_name":22},736,"Gobierno en funciones","gobierno-en-funciones",61,{"id":364,"name":365,"slug":366,"priority":367,"chapter_name":22},804,"Estado centralizado (estado centralista)","estado-centralizado-estado-centralista",62,{"id":369,"name":370,"slug":371,"priority":372,"chapter_name":22},805,"Estado aconfesional","estado-aconfesional",63,{"id":374,"name":375,"slug":376,"priority":377,"chapter_name":22},806,"Estado confesional","estado-confesional",64,{"id":379,"name":380,"slug":381,"priority":382,"chapter_name":22},823,"Bicameralismo","bicameralismo",65,{"id":384,"name":385,"slug":386,"priority":387,"chapter_name":22},871,"Unipartidismo (sistema de partido único)","unipartidismo-sistema-de-partido-unico",66,{"id":389,"name":390,"slug":391,"priority":392,"chapter_name":22},892,"Sufragio libre (voto libre)","sufragio-libre-voto-libre",67,{"id":394,"name":395,"slug":396,"priority":397,"chapter_name":22},893,"Gobierno constitucional","gobierno-constitucional",68,{"id":399,"name":400,"slug":401,"priority":402,"chapter_name":22},904,"Sindicato vertical","sindicato-vertical",69,{"id":404,"name":405,"slug":406,"priority":407,"chapter_name":22},911,"Libertad sindical","libertad-sindical",70,{"id":409,"name":410,"slug":411,"priority":412,"chapter_name":22},912,"Representatividad política","representatividad-politica",71,{"id":414,"name":415,"slug":416,"priority":417,"chapter_name":22},921,"Nacionalismo","nacionalismo",72,{"id":419,"name":420,"slug":421,"priority":422,"chapter_name":22},932,"Dictadura","dictadura",73,{"id":424,"name":425,"slug":426,"priority":83,"chapter_name":22},933,"Voto popular (sufragio popular)","voto-popular-sufragio-popular",{"id":428,"name":429,"slug":430,"priority":431,"chapter_name":22},962,"Regionalismo","regionalismo",75,{"id":433,"name":434,"slug":435,"priority":436,"chapter_name":22},975,"Plurinacionalidad (estado plurinacional)","plurinacionalidad-estado-plurinacional",76,{"id":438,"name":439,"slug":440,"priority":441,"chapter_name":22},977,"República","republica",77,{"id":443,"name":444,"slug":445,"priority":446,"chapter_name":22},989,"Déficit democrático","deficit-democratico",78,{"id":448,"name":449,"slug":450,"priority":451,"chapter_name":22},1009,"Sufragio universal","sufragio-universal",79,{"id":453,"name":454,"slug":455,"priority":456,"chapter_name":22},1015,"Mayoría parlamentaria","mayoria-parlamentaria",80,{"id":458,"name":459,"slug":460,"priority":461,"chapter_name":22},1019,"Disidencia","disidencia",81,{"id":47,"name":48,"slug":49,"priority":463,"chapter_name":22},82,{"id":465,"name":466,"slug":467,"priority":463,"chapter_name":22},1561,"Contrarrevolución","contrarrevolucion",{"id":469,"name":470,"slug":471,"priority":472,"chapter_name":22},1032,"Paradigma realista (realismo político)","paradigma-realista-realismo-politico",83,{"id":474,"name":475,"slug":476,"priority":477,"chapter_name":22},1033,"Gradualismo (política)","gradualismo-politica",84,{"id":479,"name":480,"slug":481,"priority":482,"chapter_name":22},1039,"Nación","nacion",85,{"id":484,"name":485,"slug":486,"priority":487,"chapter_name":22},1059,"Sistema electoral","sistema-electoral",86,{"id":489,"name":490,"slug":491,"priority":492,"chapter_name":22},1079,"Pluripartidismo (multipartidismo)","pluripartidismo-multipartidismo",87,{"id":494,"name":495,"slug":496,"priority":497,"chapter_name":22},1088,"Oligarquía","oligarquia",88,{"id":499,"name":500,"slug":501,"priority":502,"chapter_name":22},1092,"Objeto político","objeto-politico",89,{"id":504,"name":505,"slug":506,"priority":507,"chapter_name":22},1172,"Etnonacionalismo (nacionalismo étnico)","etnonacionalismo-nacionalismo-etnico",90,{"id":509,"name":510,"slug":511,"priority":512,"chapter_name":22},1204,"Paz 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