[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":675},["Reactive",2],{"options:asyncdata:$ogpPUTwkW6:/p/tests-proyectivos-pruebas-proyectivas:0":3},{"page":4,"book":25,"news":669,"questionSent":19,"questions":670,"formData":671,"attachments":23,"chartData":23,"pending":19,"chartOptions":672,"afspec":19,"aflink":674},{"id":5,"book_id":6,"chapter_id":7,"name":8,"slug":9,"html":10,"priority":11,"created_at":12,"updated_at":13,"created_by":14,"updated_by":18,"draft":19,"markdown":20,"revision_count":21,"template":19,"owned_by":22,"editor":20,"trends":23,"raw_html":10,"tags":24},4094,12,0,"Tests proyectivos (pruebas proyectivas)","tests-proyectivos-pruebas-proyectivas","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-los-tests-proyectivo\">Los\u003Cstrong> tests proyectivos o pruebas proyectivas\u003C/strong> son aquellos \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/tests-psicologicos-pruebas-psicologicas\">tests o pruebas psicológicos\u003C/a>\u003C/strong> basados en \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/estimulo-ambiguo\">estímulos ambiguos\u003C/a>\u003C/strong> o de significación múltiple y acciones no estructuradas, en los que individuo \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/proyeccion-psicologica\">proyecta\u003C/a>\u003C/strong> sus experiencias pasadas, emociones, conflictos de forma inconsciente, de modo que dichas proyecciones indican aspectos de su personalidad profunda. Una de las pruebas proyectivas más conocidas es el test de Rorschach, basado en manchas que el sujeto debe interpretar.\u003C/p>",134,"2026-03-09T08:48:03.000000Z","2026-03-12T14:24:00.000000Z",{"id":15,"name":16,"slug":17},1,"Admin","admin",{"id":15,"name":16,"slug":17},false,"",4,{"id":15,"name":16,"slug":17},null,[],{"id":6,"name":26,"slug":27,"description":20,"created_at":28,"updated_at":28,"created_by":15,"updated_by":15,"owned_by":15,"default_template_id":23,"pages":29,"index":60,"shelves":662},"Psicología general","psicologia-general","2023-05-11T09:03:03.000000Z",[30,35,40,45,50,55],{"id":31,"name":32,"slug":33,"html":34},3314,"Modelo biopsicosocial (Engel)","modelo-biopsicosocial-engel","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-el-modelo-biopsicoso\">El \u003Cstrong>modelo biopsicosocial\u003C/strong> es un modelo que analiza la situación fisiológica, psicológica y social de una persona con el objetivo de conocer las causas de un trastorno que padece o identificar los factores que potencialmente puedan afectar a su salud, redactando para ello la denominada \u003Cstrong>ficha biopsicosocial\u003C/strong>, que no es más que un cuestionario que analiza diferentes elementos de la persona en cuestión. Fue desarrollado por el psiquiatra norteamericano George L. Engel (1913-1999) y presenta como principal novedad la superación del modelo reduccionista únicamente en causas fisiológicas, por un lado, o psicológicas, por otro, para analizar el origen y causas de los problemas de paciente, superando de esta forma la clásica dualidad entre mente y cuerpo. \u003C/p>",{"id":36,"name":37,"slug":38,"html":39},1379,"Conducta prosocial (comportamiento prosocial)","conducta-prosocial-comportamiento-prosocial","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-la-conducta-prosocia\">La \u003Cstrong>conducta prosocial o comportamiento prosocial\u003C/strong> es la actitud y actividad de ayudar y hacer sentirse bien a lo demás, consciente o inconscientemente, empujada por sentimientos de empatía o por algún tipo de motivación personal. A diferencia del altruismo, la conducta prosocial no implica necesariamente un trabajo o sacrificio por parte del que ayuda, e incluso suele obtener beneficios personales como consecuencia de dicha actuación, por ejemplo la construcción positiva de su autoconcepto o mejorar su imagen pública. Por ejemplo, un emprendedor que impulsa una nueva empresa creando nuevos puestos de trabajo desarrolla una conducta prosocial, aunque también sea potencial beneficiario de la actividad de la empresa; sin embargo, su actividad no es altruista, ya que espera una compensación o beneficio por su trabajo.\u003C/p>",{"id":41,"name":42,"slug":43,"html":44},175,"Afrontamiento","afrontamiento","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-el-afrontamiento-es-\">El \u003Cstrong>afrontamiento\u003C/strong> es el comportamiento y el conjunto de habilidades, capacidades y estrategias que desarrolla una persona para afrontar o hacer fretne a situaciones complejas, difíciles de manejar y de alto estrés, tanto desde el punto de vista emocional como desde la perspectiva cognitiva.\u003C/p>",{"id":46,"name":47,"slug":48,"html":49},1847,"Identidades horizontales","identidades-horizontales","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-las-identidades-hori\">Las \u003Cstrong>identidades horizontales\u003C/strong> son aquellas características o rasgos individuales que forman parte de la identidad de un sujeto pero que no se han transmitido de padres a hijos, ni se comparte dentro de ella,  sino que se han adquirido de forma natural, espontánea o autónoma, como especificidad del individuo y que forma parte de la identidad en forma de pertenencia a un grupo cuyos miembros también poseen ese rasgo. Un ejemplo de ello son las identidades homosexuales. \u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"id":51,"name":52,"slug":53,"html":54},3190,"Patología dual","patologia-dual","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-la-patolog%C3%ADa-dual-es\">La \u003Cstrong>patología dual \u003C/strong>es la situación que se presenta cuando una misma persona sufre al mismo tiempo un trastorno de adicción  y otro tipo de trastorno mental. \u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"id":56,"name":57,"slug":58,"html":59},296,"Internalización (psicología)","internalizacion-psicologia","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-quiz%C3%A1s-est%C3%A9s-buscand\">\u003Cem>Quizás estés buscando:  Internalización (empresa).\u003Cbr>\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-en-sociolog%C3%ADa-y-psic\">En sociología y psicología, la \u003Cstrong>internalización\u003C/strong> es el proceso por el cual un sujeto adquiere las normas, valores y conocimientos de la sociedad, cultura en una palabra. Es uno de los aspectos principales del proceso de socialización, imprescindible para la integración social del sujeto, ya que si la internalización falla, la socialización también falla inevitablemente, generando desviación social y otras consecuencias. La importancia de la internalización fue destacada por el psicólogo y pedagogo Lev Vigotsky (1896-1934), quien consideró que la internalización tiene su origen en las relaciones entre sujetos y en el entorno: estas marcarían el proceso de construcción y transformación de la estructura mental del sujeto». En su opinión, el papel del educador sería convertir la internalización en un éxito, poniendo los puntos de partida y las bases adecuadas para ello (véase, además, el Área de Desarrollo Próximo).\u003C/p>",{"":61},[62,63,67,72,76,81,86,91,96,101,106,108,112,117,122,127,132,137,142,147,152,157,162,167,172,177,182,187,192,197,202,207,212,214,219,224,229,234,239,244,249,254,259,264,269,274,279,284,289,294,299,304,309,314,319,323,328,333,338,343,348,353,358,363,368,373,378,380,385,390,395,400,405,410,415,420,425,430,435,440,445,450,455,460,465,470,475,480,485,490,495,500,505,510,515,520,525,530,535,540,545,550,555,560,565,567,572,577,579,584,589,594,599,604,609,614,619,624,629,633,638,643,648,652,656,661],{"id":41,"name":42,"slug":43,"priority":7,"chapter_name":23},{"id":64,"name":65,"slug":66,"priority":15,"chapter_name":23},835,"Agentividad (agencia)","agentividad-agencia",{"id":68,"name":69,"slug":70,"priority":71,"chapter_name":23},969,"Aislamiento afectivo","aislamiento-afectivo",2,{"id":73,"name":74,"slug":75,"priority":21,"chapter_name":23},484,"Asociación de ideas","asociacion-de-ideas",{"id":77,"name":78,"slug":79,"priority":80,"chapter_name":23},1382,"Autocomplacencia","autocomplacencia",5,{"id":82,"name":83,"slug":84,"priority":85,"chapter_name":23},469,"Autoimagen, autoconcepto y autoestima: diferencias","autoimagen-autoconcepto-y-autoestima-diferencias",6,{"id":87,"name":88,"slug":89,"priority":90,"chapter_name":23},463,"Autoinforme","autoinforme",7,{"id":92,"name":93,"slug":94,"priority":95,"chapter_name":23},53,"Autoobservación","autoobservacion",8,{"id":97,"name":98,"slug":99,"priority":100,"chapter_name":23},578,"Cognoscitivo","cognoscitivo",9,{"id":102,"name":103,"slug":104,"priority":105,"chapter_name":23},1556,"Condicionamiento clásico","condicionamiento-clasico",10,{"id":36,"name":37,"slug":38,"priority":107,"chapter_name":23},11,{"id":109,"name":110,"slug":111,"priority":6,"chapter_name":23},1474,"Conflicto cognitivo","conflicto-cognitivo",{"id":113,"name":114,"slug":115,"priority":116,"chapter_name":23},937,"Constructivismo (paradigma constructivista)","constructivismo-paradigma-constructivista",13,{"id":118,"name":119,"slug":120,"priority":121,"chapter_name":23},312,"Correlación ilusoria","correlacion-ilusoria",14,{"id":123,"name":124,"slug":125,"priority":126,"chapter_name":23},1475,"Crecimiento personal","crecimiento-personal",15,{"id":128,"name":129,"slug":130,"priority":131,"chapter_name":23},942,"Disociación (psicología)","disociacion-psicologia",16,{"id":133,"name":134,"slug":135,"priority":136,"chapter_name":23},246,"Epifenomenalismo","epifenomenalismo",18,{"id":138,"name":139,"slug":140,"priority":141,"chapter_name":23},794,"Escalas comparativas y escalas no comparativas","escalas-comparativas-y-escalas-no-comparativas",19,{"id":143,"name":144,"slug":145,"priority":146,"chapter_name":23},1476,"Escalas psicométricas (escalas psicológicas)","escalas-psicometricas-escalas-psicologicas",20,{"id":148,"name":149,"slug":150,"priority":151,"chapter_name":23},329,"Esquema cognitivo (Piaget)","esquema-cognitivo-piaget",21,{"id":153,"name":154,"slug":155,"priority":156,"chapter_name":23},881,"Estereotipos","estereotipos",22,{"id":158,"name":159,"slug":160,"priority":161,"chapter_name":23},1460,"Experiencia subjetiva","experiencia-subjetiva",23,{"id":163,"name":164,"slug":165,"priority":166,"chapter_name":23},131,"Factores hereditarios","factores-hereditarios",24,{"id":168,"name":169,"slug":170,"priority":171,"chapter_name":23},132,"Fase genital (etapa genital)","fase-genital-etapa-genital",25,{"id":173,"name":174,"slug":175,"priority":176,"chapter_name":23},1552,"Habilidades afectivas (habilidades socioafectivas)","habilidades-afectivas-habilidades-socioafectivas",26,{"id":178,"name":179,"slug":180,"priority":181,"chapter_name":23},1229,"Habilidades blandas","habilidades-blandas",27,{"id":183,"name":184,"slug":185,"priority":186,"chapter_name":23},1230,"Habilidades duras","habilidades-duras",28,{"id":188,"name":189,"slug":190,"priority":191,"chapter_name":23},166,"Identidad de género","identidad-de-genero",29,{"id":193,"name":194,"slug":195,"priority":196,"chapter_name":23},401,"Individuación (psicología)","individuacion-psicologia",30,{"id":198,"name":199,"slug":200,"priority":201,"chapter_name":23},971,"Indulgencia","indulgencia",31,{"id":203,"name":204,"slug":205,"priority":206,"chapter_name":23},511,"Instancias psíquicas","instancias-psiquicas",32,{"id":208,"name":209,"slug":210,"priority":211,"chapter_name":23},545,"Internalización","internalizacion",33,{"id":56,"name":57,"slug":58,"priority":213,"chapter_name":23},34,{"id":215,"name":216,"slug":217,"priority":218,"chapter_name":23},414,"Madurez emocional","madurez-emocional",35,{"id":220,"name":221,"slug":222,"priority":223,"chapter_name":23},225,"Mentira vital","mentira-vital",36,{"id":225,"name":226,"slug":227,"priority":228,"chapter_name":23},674,"Metacomunicación","metacomunicacion",37,{"id":230,"name":231,"slug":232,"priority":233,"chapter_name":23},1016,"Mutua representación interna","mutua-representacion-interna",38,{"id":235,"name":236,"slug":237,"priority":238,"chapter_name":23},222,"Necesidades humanas","necesidades-humanas",39,{"id":240,"name":241,"slug":242,"priority":243,"chapter_name":23},900,"Paradigma cognitivo","paradigma-cognitivo",40,{"id":245,"name":246,"slug":247,"priority":248,"chapter_name":23},1373,"Paradigma estímulo-respuesta","paradigma-estimulo-respuesta",41,{"id":250,"name":251,"slug":252,"priority":253,"chapter_name":23},682,"Paso al acto","paso-al-acto",42,{"id":255,"name":256,"slug":257,"priority":258,"chapter_name":23},509,"Patrones conductuales","patrones-conductuales",43,{"id":260,"name":261,"slug":262,"priority":263,"chapter_name":23},579,"Perfil alto","perfil-alto",44,{"id":265,"name":266,"slug":267,"priority":268,"chapter_name":23},554,"Perfil bajo","perfil-bajo",45,{"id":270,"name":271,"slug":272,"priority":273,"chapter_name":23},1463,"Persona focal","persona-focal",46,{"id":275,"name":276,"slug":277,"priority":278,"chapter_name":23},127,"Procesos cognoscitivos (procesos cognitivos)","procesos-cognoscitivos-procesos-cognitivos",47,{"id":280,"name":281,"slug":282,"priority":283,"chapter_name":23},593,"Psicobiología","psicobiologia",48,{"id":285,"name":286,"slug":287,"priority":288,"chapter_name":23},637,"Rasgos de la personalidad del científico","rasgos-de-la-personalidad-del-cientifico",49,{"id":290,"name":291,"slug":292,"priority":293,"chapter_name":23},234,"Recogimiento","recogimiento",50,{"id":295,"name":296,"slug":297,"priority":298,"chapter_name":23},972,"Relaciones de poder","relaciones-de-poder",51,{"id":300,"name":301,"slug":302,"priority":303,"chapter_name":23},1588,"Sensualidad","sensualidad",59,{"id":305,"name":306,"slug":307,"priority":308,"chapter_name":23},899,"Sentimentalidad","sentimentalidad",60,{"id":310,"name":311,"slug":312,"priority":313,"chapter_name":23},973,"Sexo de identidad","sexo-de-identidad",61,{"id":315,"name":316,"slug":317,"priority":318,"chapter_name":23},929,"Soberbia","soberbia",62,{"id":141,"name":320,"slug":321,"priority":322,"chapter_name":23},"Teoría del liderazgo situacional","teoria-del-liderazgo-situacional",63,{"id":324,"name":325,"slug":326,"priority":327,"chapter_name":23},750,"Trastorno negativista desafiante (TND)","trastorno-negativista-desafiante-tnd",64,{"id":329,"name":330,"slug":331,"priority":332,"chapter_name":23},1306,"Trayectoria vital","trayectoria-vital",65,{"id":334,"name":335,"slug":336,"priority":337,"chapter_name":23},1188,"Umbral absoluto","umbral-absoluto",66,{"id":339,"name":340,"slug":341,"priority":342,"chapter_name":23},249,"Vinculos (lazos) afectivos (emocionales) (apego)","vinculos-lazos-afectivos-emocionales-apego",67,{"id":344,"name":345,"slug":346,"priority":347,"chapter_name":23},1628,"Genialidad (genios)","genialidad-genios",68,{"id":349,"name":350,"slug":351,"priority":352,"chapter_name":23},1681,"Umbral diferencial (umbral relativo)","umbral-diferencial-umbral-relativo",69,{"id":354,"name":355,"slug":356,"priority":357,"chapter_name":23},1687,"Objeto erótico y su elección","objeto-erotico-y-su-eleccion",70,{"id":359,"name":360,"slug":361,"priority":362,"chapter_name":23},1734,"Conflicto intrapsíquico","conflicto-intrapsiquico",71,{"id":364,"name":365,"slug":366,"priority":367,"chapter_name":23},1735,"Razonamiento transductivo","razonamiento-transductivo",72,{"id":369,"name":370,"slug":371,"priority":372,"chapter_name":23},1750,"Conciencia metalingüística (consciencia metalingüística)","conciencia-metalinguistica-consciencia-metalinguistica",73,{"id":374,"name":375,"slug":376,"priority":377,"chapter_name":23},1755,"Cognitivismo (teoría cognitiva, psicología cognitiva)","cognitivismo-teoria-cognitiva-psicologia-cognitiva",74,{"id":46,"name":47,"slug":48,"priority":379,"chapter_name":23},75,{"id":381,"name":382,"slug":383,"priority":384,"chapter_name":23},1917,"Placer, gozo y felicidad","placer-gozo-y-felicidad",76,{"id":386,"name":387,"slug":388,"priority":389,"chapter_name":23},1975,"Tormenta emocional","tormenta-emocional",77,{"id":391,"name":392,"slug":393,"priority":394,"chapter_name":23},1987,"Subnormal","subnormal",78,{"id":396,"name":397,"slug":398,"priority":399,"chapter_name":23},1997,"Duelo migratorio","duelo-migratorio",79,{"id":401,"name":402,"slug":403,"priority":404,"chapter_name":23},2012,"Psicología oscura","psicologia-oscura",80,{"id":406,"name":407,"slug":408,"priority":409,"chapter_name":23},2033,"Violencia vicaria","violencia-vicaria",81,{"id":411,"name":412,"slug":413,"priority":414,"chapter_name":23},2043,"Autoórdenes","autoordenes",82,{"id":416,"name":417,"slug":418,"priority":419,"chapter_name":23},2058,"Fuerza psicológica (fuerza mental, fortaleza psicológica, fortaleza mental)","fuerza-psicologica-fuerza-mental-fortaleza-psicologica-fortaleza-mental",83,{"id":421,"name":422,"slug":423,"priority":424,"chapter_name":23},2081,"Identidad sexual","identidad-sexual",84,{"id":426,"name":427,"slug":428,"priority":429,"chapter_name":23},2111,"Validez de criterio (validación de criterio, validez criterial)","validez-de-criterio-validacion-de-criterio-validez-criterial",85,{"id":431,"name":432,"slug":433,"priority":434,"chapter_name":23},2204,"Principio de realidad (psicoanálisis)","principio-de-realidad-psicoanalisis",86,{"id":436,"name":437,"slug":438,"priority":439,"chapter_name":23},2249,"Bipolaridad (trastorno bipolar)","bipolaridad-trastorno-bipolar",87,{"id":441,"name":442,"slug":443,"priority":444,"chapter_name":23},2267,"Objeto material y objeto formal de la psicología","objeto-material-y-objeto-formal-de-la-psicologia",88,{"id":446,"name":447,"slug":448,"priority":449,"chapter_name":23},2297,"Personalidad","personalidad",89,{"id":451,"name":452,"slug":453,"priority":454,"chapter_name":23},2361,"Proyección psicológica","proyeccion-psicologica",90,{"id":456,"name":457,"slug":458,"priority":459,"chapter_name":23},2362,"Reactividad (comportamiento reactivo)","reactividad-comportamiento-reactivo",91,{"id":461,"name":462,"slug":463,"priority":464,"chapter_name":23},2379,"Paradigma neurofisiológico","paradigma-neurofisiologico",92,{"id":466,"name":467,"slug":468,"priority":469,"chapter_name":23},2393,"Enajenación mental","enajenacion-mental",93,{"id":471,"name":472,"slug":473,"priority":474,"chapter_name":23},2497,"Conducta delictiva","conducta-delictiva",94,{"id":476,"name":477,"slug":478,"priority":479,"chapter_name":23},2560,"Problema conductual","problema-conductual",95,{"id":481,"name":482,"slug":483,"priority":484,"chapter_name":23},2645,"Distractores","distractores",96,{"id":486,"name":487,"slug":488,"priority":489,"chapter_name":23},2652,"Pruebas de ejecución máxima","pruebas-de-ejecucion-maxima",97,{"id":491,"name":492,"slug":493,"priority":494,"chapter_name":23},2653,"Pruebas de ejecución típica","pruebas-de-ejecucion-tipica",98,{"id":496,"name":497,"slug":498,"priority":499,"chapter_name":23},2669,"Habilidades sociales","habilidades-sociales",99,{"id":501,"name":502,"slug":503,"priority":504,"chapter_name":23},2678,"Inmunización conductual","inmunizacion-conductual",100,{"id":506,"name":507,"slug":508,"priority":509,"chapter_name":23},2712,"Estímulos subliminales","estimulos-subliminales",101,{"id":511,"name":512,"slug":513,"priority":514,"chapter_name":23},2717,"Prueba de evaluación psicodiagnóstica (psicodiagnóstico)","prueba-de-evaluacion-psicodiagnostica-psicodiagnostico",102,{"id":516,"name":517,"slug":518,"priority":519,"chapter_name":23},2735,"Juego social","juego-social",103,{"id":521,"name":522,"slug":523,"priority":524,"chapter_name":23},2762,"Paz interior (paz mental)","paz-interior-paz-mental",104,{"id":526,"name":527,"slug":528,"priority":529,"chapter_name":23},2894,"Intelectualización","intelectualizacion",105,{"id":531,"name":532,"slug":533,"priority":534,"chapter_name":23},2925,"Deterioro mental (deterioro cognitivo)","deterioro-mental-deterioro-cognitivo",106,{"id":536,"name":537,"slug":538,"priority":539,"chapter_name":23},2963,"Insatisfacción de necesidades","insatisfaccion-de-necesidades",107,{"id":541,"name":542,"slug":543,"priority":544,"chapter_name":23},2976,"Afectividad","afectividad",108,{"id":546,"name":547,"slug":548,"priority":549,"chapter_name":23},3020,"Autoconcepto","autoconcepto",109,{"id":551,"name":552,"slug":553,"priority":554,"chapter_name":23},3034,"Interiorización (internalización)","interiorizacion-internalizacion",110,{"id":556,"name":557,"slug":558,"priority":559,"chapter_name":23},3076,"Efecto anclaje (toma de decisiones)","efecto-anclaje-toma-de-decisiones",111,{"id":561,"name":562,"slug":563,"priority":564,"chapter_name":23},3145,"Identidad personal","identidad-personal",112,{"id":51,"name":52,"slug":53,"priority":566,"chapter_name":23},113,{"id":568,"name":569,"slug":570,"priority":571,"chapter_name":23},3217,"Pensamiento visual (inteligencia 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