[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":1153},["Reactive",2],{"options:asyncdata:$ogpPUTwkW6:/p/rios-hidrologia:0":3},{"page":4,"book":25,"news":1147,"questionSent":19,"questions":1148,"formData":1149,"attachments":22,"chartData":22,"pending":19,"chartOptions":1150,"afspec":19,"aflink":1152},{"id":5,"book_id":6,"chapter_id":7,"name":8,"slug":9,"html":10,"priority":11,"created_at":12,"updated_at":13,"created_by":14,"updated_by":18,"draft":19,"markdown":20,"revision_count":15,"template":19,"owned_by":21,"editor":20,"trends":22,"raw_html":23,"tags":24},4055,11,0,"Ríos (hidrología)","rios-hidrologia","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-un-r%C3%ADo-es-una-corrie\">Un \u003Cstrong>río\u003C/strong> es una corriente de agua que tiene un caudal continuo y constante y que se desarrolla en la mayor parte de su curso en superficie, a lo largo de una depresión denominada cauce fluvial, vertiendo su aguas a otro río (en cuyo caso, se denomina afluente), a un lago o al mar. Los ríos forman una parte de las aguas continentales. \u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-los-r%C3%ADos-son-factore\">Los ríos son factores geodinámicos importantes, modelando el relieve a través de su curso formando valles  y otras formas del relieve, en lo que se denomina modelado fluvial. \u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-desde-el-punto-de-vi\">Desde el punto de vista de las sociedades, los ríos y sus alrededores son lugares de poblamiento habitual, por el suministro de agua para el consumo humano y las actividades económicas, especialmente la agricultura. \u003C/p>",188,"2026-02-28T17:14:43.000000Z","2026-03-08T13:57:14.000000Z",{"id":15,"name":16,"slug":17},1,"Admin","admin",{"id":15,"name":16,"slug":17},false,"",{"id":15,"name":16,"slug":17},null,"\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-un-r%C3%ADo-es-una-corrie\">Un \u003Cstrong>río\u003C/strong> es una corriente de agua que tiene un caudal continuo y constante y que se desarrolla en la mayor parte de su curso en superficie, a lo largo de una depresión denominada cauce fluvial, vertiendo su aguas a otro río (en cuyo caso, se denomina afluente), a un lago o al mar. Los ríos forman una parte de las aguas continentales. \u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-los-r%C3%ADos-son-factore\">Los ríos son factores geodinámicos importantes, modelando el relieve a través de su curso formando valles  y otras formas del relieve, en lo que se denomina modelado fluvial. \u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-desde-el-punto-de-vi\">Desde el punto de vista de las sociedades, los ríos y sus alrededores son lugares de poblamiento habitual, por el suministro de agua para el consumo humano y las actividades económicas, especialmente la agricultura. \u003C/p>",[],{"id":6,"name":26,"slug":27,"description":20,"created_at":28,"updated_at":28,"created_by":15,"updated_by":15,"owned_by":15,"default_template_id":22,"pages":29,"index":60,"shelves":1140},"Geografía general","geografia-general","2023-05-07T12:43:44.000000Z",[30,35,40,45,50,55],{"id":31,"name":32,"slug":33,"html":34},1587,"Amplitud térmica (oscilación térmica)","amplitud-termica-oscilacion-termica","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-la-amplitud-t%C3%A9rmica-\">La \u003Cstrong>amplitud térmica u oscilación térmica\u003C/strong> es la diferencia que existe en un lugar entre la temperatura máxima y la mínima durante un día, mes, estación o año. Los factores que influyen en la amplitud térmica son:\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cdiv id=\"bkmrk-la-proximidad-del-ma\">\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"jumbotron-text\">\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"row\">\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"col-md-12 col-xs-12\">\r\n\u003Cul>\r\n\u003Cli class=\"null\">la proximidad del mar hace descender la amplitud térmica, ya que el mar reduce las temperaturas máximas y eleva las mínimas; asi, el clima continental, alejado de los océanos, se caracteriza por amplitudes térmicas muy altas, con temperaturas muy bajas y muy altas, incluso a lo largo del mismo día;\u003Cbr>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003Cli class=\"null\">la \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/nubosidad\">nubosidad\u003C/a>\u003C/strong> presente en un día concreto también afecta a la amplitud térmica: cielos despejados incrementan la amplitud, mientras que cielos cubiertos la disminuyen. \u003C/li>\r\n\u003Cli class=\"null\">la topografía plana hace subir generalmente la amplitud térmica, debido, entre otras cosas, a la sombra que se produce en los lugares pendientes;\u003C/li>\r\n\u003Cli class=\"null\">la humedad disminuye la amplitud;\u003C/li>\r\n\u003Cli class=\"null\">en latitudes medias la amplitud térmica es mayor que en regiones ecuatoriales. \u003Cbr>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>\r\n\u003C/div>\r\n\u003C/div>\r\n\u003C/div>\r\n\u003C/div>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-%C2%A0\">\u003C/p>",{"id":36,"name":37,"slug":38,"html":39},4145,"Istmo","istmo","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-un-istmo-es-una-exte\">\u003Ca href=\"https://es.gizapedia.org/uploads/images/gallery/2026-03/xjmpFKONQd0JURPJ-corinth-greece-nasa1.jpeg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003Cimg class=\"align-right\" src=\"https://es.gizapedia.org/uploads/images/gallery/2026-03/scaled-1680-/xjmpFKONQd0JURPJ-corinth-greece-nasa1.jpeg\" alt=\"Corinth,_Greece_(NASA)(1).jpeg\" width=\"343\" height=\"230\">\u003C/a>Un\u003Cstrong> istmo\u003C/strong> es una extensión de tierra más o menos estrecha que une dos grandes extensiones de tierra (dos continentes, un conitnente a una península, ...). Su origen se encuentra generalmente en movimientos tectónicos, vulcanismo u otros tipo de procesos a gran escala. \u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-puede-interesarte-ta\">\u003Cstrong>Puede interesarte también\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cul id=\"bkmrk-t%C3%B3mbolo\">\r\n\u003Cli class=\"null\">\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/tombolo\">\u003Cstrong>Tómbolo\u003C/strong>\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>",{"id":41,"name":42,"slug":43,"html":44},2176,"Nivel del mar","nivel-del-mar","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-el-nivel-de-mar-es-l\">El \u003Cstrong>nivel de mar\u003C/strong> es la altura de referencia, más exactamente un referente altimétrico, desde la que se mide la altitud a un punto geográfico como distancia vertical hasta ese punto, esto es, es el nivel de altitud de valor 0 y que coincide con el nivel de los océanos en un nivel medio entre marea baja y marea alta y sin influencia del oleaje. \u003C/p>",{"id":46,"name":47,"slug":48,"html":49},1555,"Fenómenos atmosféricos","fenomenos-atmosfericos","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-los-fen%C3%B3menos-atmosf\">Los \u003Cstrong>fenómenos atmosféricos\u003C/strong> son aquellos fenómenos, sucesos, eventos, características o procesos, que se desarrollan en la atmósfera, tanto de corta duración (a veces, segundos) como a largo plazo (miles de años), a escala local (un chaparrón) o planetaria (el calentamiento global). Cuando son fenómenos más o menos locales y de corta duración se denominan fenómenos meteorológicos, como son la lluvia, la nubosidad y  la temperatura. A escala mayor y a largo plazo, se denominan fenómenos climáticos.\u003C/p>",{"id":51,"name":52,"slug":53,"html":54},430,"Línea imaginaria","linea-imaginaria","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-una-l%C3%ADnea-imaginaria\">Una \u003Cstrong>línea imaginaria\u003C/strong> es una línea abstracta, es decir que no existe en la realidad física, que se establece en un espacio, plano o mapa y que se utiliza para representar límites, coordenadas geográficas o rumbos a seguir. Líneas imaginarias son por ejemplo, en cartografía, los paralelos y los meridianos.\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-puede-interesarte-ta\">\u003Cstrong>Puede interesarte también\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cul id=\"bkmrk-l%C3%ADnea-ecuatorial\">\r\n\u003Cli>Línea ecuatorial\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>",{"id":56,"name":57,"slug":58,"html":59},816,"Medio rural (espacio rural)","medio-rural-espacio-rural","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-el-medio-rural-o-esp\">\u003Cspan id=\"bkmrk-el-medio-rural-o-esp-1\" class=\"form-control-text textarea\" role=\"textbox\">\u003Ca href=\"https://es.gizapedia.org/uploads/images/gallery/2023-10/MjbsSlfuZI3v7OPO-landscape-countryside-way-fields-300x199.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003Cimg src=\"https://es.gizapedia.org/uploads/images/gallery/2023-10/scaled-1680-/MjbsSlfuZI3v7OPO-landscape-countryside-way-fields-300x199.jpg\" alt=\"landscape_countryside_way_fields-300x199.jpg\">\u003C/a>\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-el%C2%A0medio-rural-o-esp\">\u003Cspan id=\"bkmrk-el%C2%A0medio-rural-o-esp-1\" class=\"form-control-text textarea\" role=\"textbox\">El \u003Cstrong>medio rural o espacio rural\u003C/strong> es un espacio humanizado que tiene como principales actividades económicas la agricultura, la ganadería, la industria alimentaria asociada y la silvicultura. Se define frecuentemente en contraposición al espacio urbano. Se trata de una zona mixta en la que la actividad humana compatibiliza la naturaleza con el medio, pero que en otras ocasiones ha transformado todo el medio natural, con explotaciones agrarias que ocupan la práctica  totalidad del suelo. Otras características del medio rural son la preponderancia del paisaje vegetal, el uso no intensivo del suelo, la baja densidad de población, las pequeñas aglomeraciones y su dispersión, la escasa evolución de las redes de transporte, y en el plano social, la cohesión social interna, la fuerte identidad cultural y el aislamiento social respecto a la ciudad. En las sociedades modernas e industriales, los entornos rurales sufrieron un \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/exodo-rural/\">éxodo rural\u003C/a>\u003C/strong> desde el siglo XIX, coincidiendo con la Revolución Industrial, con migraciones masivas a las ciudades, pero desde finales del siglo XX se produce una nueva etapa de poblamiento, caracterizada por el uso residencial del medio rural (frecuentemente asociado a segundas viviendas y al turismo rural) y la ruralización, con la recuperación de la vida del campo en sus términos oroginales, gracias al fenómeno del neorruralismo.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-puede-interesarte-ta\">\u003Cstrong>\u003Cspan class=\"form-control-text textarea\" role=\"textbox\">Puede interesarte también\u003C/span>\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cul id=\"bkmrk-espacios-urbanos-%28%C3%A1r\">\r\n\u003Cli class=\"null\">\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/espacios-urbanos-areas-urbanas\">\u003Cstrong>\u003Cspan class=\"form-control-text textarea\" role=\"textbox\">Espacios urbanos (áreas urbanas)\u003C/span>\u003C/strong>\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>",{"":61},[62,66,70,75,80,85,90,95,100,105,110,115,119,121,126,131,136,141,146,151,156,161,166,171,176,181,186,191,196,201,206,211,216,221,226,231,236,241,246,251,256,261,266,271,276,281,286,291,296,301,306,311,316,321,326,331,336,341,346,351,356,361,366,371,376,381,386,390,395,400,405,410,415,420,425,430,435,440,445,450,455,460,465,470,475,480,482,487,492,497,502,507,511,516,521,526,531,536,541,546,551,556,561,566,571,576,581,586,590,595,600,605,610,615,620,625,630,635,640,645,650,655,660,665,670,672,677,682,687,692,697,702,707,712,717,722,727,732,736,741,743,748,753,758,763,768,773,778,783,785,790,795,800,805,810,815,820,825,830,835,840,845,850,855,860,865,870,875,880,884,889,894,899,903,907,912,917,922,927,932,936,941,946,951,956,961,966,971,976,977,982,987,992,997,1002,1007,1012,1017,1022,1027,1032,1037,1042,1047,1052,1057,1061,1065,1070,1074,1079,1084,1089,1094,1098,1103,1108,1113,1118,1123,1128,1133,1138],{"id":63,"name":64,"slug":65,"priority":7,"chapter_name":22},373,"Acción antrópica (actividad antrópica)","accion-antropica-actividad-antropica",{"id":67,"name":68,"slug":69,"priority":15,"chapter_name":22},648,"Aceleración urbana","aceleracion-urbana",{"id":71,"name":72,"slug":73,"priority":74,"chapter_name":22},3856,"Actividad agrícola","actividad-agricola",2,{"id":76,"name":77,"slug":78,"priority":79,"chapter_name":22},1147,"Afelio y perihelio","afelio-y-perihelio",3,{"id":81,"name":82,"slug":83,"priority":84,"chapter_name":22},213,"Agricultura","agricultura",4,{"id":86,"name":87,"slug":88,"priority":89,"chapter_name":22},2725,"Aguas oceánicas","aguas-oceanicas",5,{"id":91,"name":92,"slug":93,"priority":94,"chapter_name":22},1114,"Aguas superficiales","aguas-superficiales",6,{"id":96,"name":97,"slug":98,"priority":99,"chapter_name":22},438,"Albufera","albufera",7,{"id":101,"name":102,"slug":103,"priority":104,"chapter_name":22},2189,"Altiplano","altiplano",8,{"id":106,"name":107,"slug":108,"priority":109,"chapter_name":22},2177,"Altitud","altitud",9,{"id":111,"name":112,"slug":113,"priority":114,"chapter_name":22},2115,"Altitud geográfica y altitud media","altitud-geografica-y-altitud-media",10,{"id":116,"name":117,"slug":118,"priority":6,"chapter_name":22},179,"Amenazas locales y amenazas globales","amenazas-locales-y-amenazas-globales",{"id":31,"name":32,"slug":33,"priority":120,"chapter_name":22},12,{"id":122,"name":123,"slug":124,"priority":125,"chapter_name":22},3013,"Anecúmene","anecumene",13,{"id":127,"name":128,"slug":129,"priority":130,"chapter_name":22},3354,"Antroposfera","antroposfera",14,{"id":132,"name":133,"slug":134,"priority":135,"chapter_name":22},1772,"Área metropolitana","area-metropolitana",15,{"id":137,"name":138,"slug":139,"priority":140,"chapter_name":22},1800,"Arroyo","arroyo",16,{"id":142,"name":143,"slug":144,"priority":145,"chapter_name":22},2163,"Astro rey","astro-rey",17,{"id":147,"name":148,"slug":149,"priority":150,"chapter_name":22},173,"Atractividad urbana","atractividad-urbana",18,{"id":152,"name":153,"slug":154,"priority":155,"chapter_name":22},3749,"Atributos geográficos (atributos del espacio geográficos)","atributos-geograficos-atributos-del-espacio-geograficos",19,{"id":157,"name":158,"slug":159,"priority":160,"chapter_name":22},2947,"Barra litoral (cordón litoral)","barra-litoral-cordon-litoral",20,{"id":162,"name":163,"slug":164,"priority":165,"chapter_name":22},3436,"Barrio (geografía urbana)","barrio-geografia-urbana",21,{"id":167,"name":168,"slug":169,"priority":170,"chapter_name":22},208,"Barrio chino","barrio-chino",22,{"id":172,"name":173,"slug":174,"priority":175,"chapter_name":22},2813,"Barrios obreros","barrios-obreros",23,{"id":177,"name":178,"slug":179,"priority":180,"chapter_name":22},3437,"Bioma","bioma",24,{"id":182,"name":183,"slug":184,"priority":185,"chapter_name":22},1065,"Bloque exento (edificio exento)","bloque-exento-edificio-exento",25,{"id":187,"name":188,"slug":189,"priority":190,"chapter_name":22},1837,"Bocage","bocage",26,{"id":192,"name":193,"slug":194,"priority":195,"chapter_name":22},2113,"Caladero de pesca","caladero-de-pesca",27,{"id":197,"name":198,"slug":199,"priority":200,"chapter_name":22},3418,"Cambio climático","cambio-climatico",28,{"id":202,"name":203,"slug":204,"priority":205,"chapter_name":22},239,"Campos abiertos (openfield)","campos-abiertos-openfield",29,{"id":207,"name":208,"slug":209,"priority":210,"chapter_name":22},1836,"Campos cerrados","campos-cerrados",30,{"id":212,"name":213,"slug":214,"priority":215,"chapter_name":22},2331,"Capital económica","capital-economica",31,{"id":217,"name":218,"slug":219,"priority":220,"chapter_name":22},1298,"Cárcavas","carcavas",32,{"id":222,"name":223,"slug":224,"priority":225,"chapter_name":22},485,"Carretera secundaria","carretera-secundaria",33,{"id":227,"name":228,"slug":229,"priority":230,"chapter_name":22},2405,"Carretera terciaria","carretera-terciaria",34,{"id":232,"name":233,"slug":234,"priority":235,"chapter_name":22},3108,"Casquete glaciar","casquete-glaciar",35,{"id":237,"name":238,"slug":239,"priority":240,"chapter_name":22},1663,"Casquetes polares","casquetes-polares",36,{"id":242,"name":243,"slug":244,"priority":245,"chapter_name":22},1010,"Caudal hidrológico","caudal-hidrologico",37,{"id":247,"name":248,"slug":249,"priority":250,"chapter_name":22},2448,"Círculo máximo","circulo-maximo",38,{"id":252,"name":253,"slug":254,"priority":255,"chapter_name":22},1689,"Ciudad compacta","ciudad-compacta",39,{"id":257,"name":258,"slug":259,"priority":260,"chapter_name":22},168,"Ciudad dispersa (ciudad difusa)","ciudad-dispersa-ciudad-difusa",40,{"id":262,"name":263,"slug":264,"priority":265,"chapter_name":22},1905,"Ciudad minera","ciudad-minera",41,{"id":267,"name":268,"slug":269,"priority":270,"chapter_name":22},1885,"Ciudad portuaria","ciudad-portuaria",42,{"id":272,"name":273,"slug":274,"priority":275,"chapter_name":22},3014,"Ciudad satélite","ciudad-satelite",43,{"id":277,"name":278,"slug":279,"priority":280,"chapter_name":22},1908,"Ciudad universitaria","ciudad-universitaria",44,{"id":282,"name":283,"slug":284,"priority":285,"chapter_name":22},4018,"Ciudad-región","ciudad-region",45,{"id":287,"name":288,"slug":289,"priority":290,"chapter_name":22},3703,"Cobertura vegetal (cubierta vegetal)","cobertura-vegetal-cubierta-vegetal",46,{"id":292,"name":293,"slug":294,"priority":295,"chapter_name":22},3857,"Comarca","comarca",47,{"id":297,"name":298,"slug":299,"priority":300,"chapter_name":22},2217,"Comunidad suburbana","comunidad-suburbana",48,{"id":302,"name":303,"slug":304,"priority":305,"chapter_name":22},2686,"Cono de deyección","cono-de-deyeccion",49,{"id":307,"name":308,"slug":309,"priority":310,"chapter_name":22},1564,"Continente","continente",50,{"id":312,"name":313,"slug":314,"priority":315,"chapter_name":22},1774,"Conurbación (conurbanización)","conurbacion-conurbanizacion",51,{"id":317,"name":318,"slug":319,"priority":320,"chapter_name":22},851,"Coordenadas geográficas","coordenadas-geograficas",52,{"id":322,"name":323,"slug":324,"priority":325,"chapter_name":22},2324,"Cordillera","cordillera",53,{"id":327,"name":328,"slug":329,"priority":330,"chapter_name":22},2441,"Cordilleras alpinas","cordilleras-alpinas",54,{"id":332,"name":333,"slug":334,"priority":335,"chapter_name":22},3055,"Corografía","corografia",55,{"id":337,"name":338,"slug":339,"priority":340,"chapter_name":22},4030,"Costa de inmersión (costa de hundimiento, costa de transgresión)","costa-de-inmersion-costa-de-hundimiento-costa-de-transgresion",56,{"id":342,"name":343,"slug":344,"priority":345,"chapter_name":22},711,"Costas marítimas","costas-maritimas",57,{"id":347,"name":348,"slug":349,"priority":350,"chapter_name":22},2226,"Cresterío","cresterio",58,{"id":352,"name":353,"slug":354,"priority":355,"chapter_name":22},849,"Cuadrícula de referencia","cuadricula-de-referencia",59,{"id":357,"name":358,"slug":359,"priority":360,"chapter_name":22},226,"Cuenca del Ruhr","cuenca-del-ruhr",60,{"id":362,"name":363,"slug":364,"priority":365,"chapter_name":22},1040,"Deforestación","deforestacion",61,{"id":367,"name":368,"slug":369,"priority":370,"chapter_name":22},1175,"Degradación paisajística, paisajes 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