[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":1152},["Reactive",2],{"options:asyncdata:$ogpPUTwkW6:/p/relieve-tabular:0":3},{"page":4,"book":25,"news":1146,"questionSent":19,"questions":1147,"formData":1148,"attachments":23,"chartData":23,"pending":19,"chartOptions":1149,"afspec":19,"aflink":1151},{"id":5,"book_id":6,"chapter_id":7,"name":8,"slug":9,"html":10,"priority":11,"created_at":12,"updated_at":13,"created_by":14,"updated_by":18,"draft":19,"markdown":20,"revision_count":21,"template":19,"owned_by":22,"editor":20,"trends":23,"raw_html":10,"tags":24},3975,11,0,"Relieve tabular","relieve-tabular","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-el-relieve-tabular-e\">\u003Ca href=\"https://es.gizapedia.org/uploads/images/gallery/2026-01/XbLi1Hyj2x0EMgJ0-chatgpt-image-25-de-gen-de-2026-16-09-17.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003Cimg class=\"align-right\" src=\"https://es.gizapedia.org/uploads/images/gallery/2026-01/scaled-1680-/XbLi1Hyj2x0EMgJ0-chatgpt-image-25-de-gen-de-2026-16-09-17.png\" alt=\"ChatGPT Image 25 de gen. de 2026, 16_09_17.png\" width=\"416\" height=\"277\">\u003C/a>El \u003Cstrong>relieve tabular\u003C/strong> es u tipo de relieve u orografía en la que los estratos geológicos se disponen de forma horizontal, alternándose estratos de materiales duros (calizas, por ejemplo) con estratos más blandos (arcillas, por ejemplo), de forma que los agentes erosivos, fundamentalmente ríos y arroyos, actúan de forma diferente sobre ellos, creando un perfil orográfico que alterna zonas altas, con estratos duros sin erosionar, denominados páramos, cuando son de gran extensión, que dejan como resultado de su erosión formas medianas (mesas) y más pequeñas y aisladas (cerros testigos u oteros), frecuentemente con laderas muy escarpadas (muelas) o formaciones denominadas glacis (acumulaciones de materiales provenientes de la erosión de zonas altas) con cierta inclinación a sus pies. Las zonas bajas, denominadas campiñas, se extienden sobre materiales blandos, comúnmente de tipo arcilloso y muy aptos para los cultivos agrícolas. Los ríos en estos tipos de relieves crean formaciones denominadas hoces o valles encajados, valles muy estrechos y elevados sobre materiales duros; y tajos o arribes, de paredes también verticales pero más grandes que las hoces.\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-puede-interesarte-ta\">\u003Cstrong>Puede interesarte también\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cul id=\"bkmrk-penillanura\">\r\n\u003Cli class=\"null\">\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/penillanura/\">\u003Cstrong>Penillanura\u003C/strong>\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>",185,"2026-01-25T14:31:59.000000Z","2026-03-08T13:57:14.000000Z",{"id":15,"name":16,"slug":17},1,"Admin","admin",{"id":15,"name":16,"slug":17},false,"",2,{"id":15,"name":16,"slug":17},null,[],{"id":6,"name":26,"slug":27,"description":20,"created_at":28,"updated_at":28,"created_by":15,"updated_by":15,"owned_by":15,"default_template_id":23,"pages":29,"index":60,"shelves":1139},"Geografía general","geografia-general","2023-05-07T12:43:44.000000Z",[30,35,40,45,50,55],{"id":31,"name":32,"slug":33,"html":34},3758,"Matorral","matorral","\u003Cdiv class=\"row\" id=\"bkmrk-matorral-es-el-terre\">\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"col-md-12 col-xs-12\">\u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"https://es.gizapedia.org/uploads/images/gallery/2025-10/JD8rm8EEWVIbmt66-1620px-paisaje-de-matorral-almohadillado-de-la-cumbre-de-los-pelaos-en-sierra-de-lujar.jpeg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003Cimg class=\"align-right\" src=\"https://es.gizapedia.org/uploads/images/gallery/2025-10/scaled-1680-/JD8rm8EEWVIbmt66-1620px-paisaje-de-matorral-almohadillado-de-la-cumbre-de-los-pelaos-en-sierra-de-lujar.jpeg\" alt=\"1620px-Paisaje_de_matorral_almohadillado_de_la_cumbre_de_Los_Pelaos_en_Sierra_de_Lújar.jpeg\" width=\"399\" height=\"266\">\u003C/a>Matorral \u003C/strong>es el terreno en el que crecen arbustos o plantas con ramas y tallos leñosos o duros, más pequeñas que los árboles y más grandes que la hierba. Es un paisaje y bioma típico de las zonas de clima mediterráneo, donde suele adquirir la forma de \u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/maquia\">maquia\u003C/a>, y los páramos.\u003C/div>\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"col-md-12 col-xs-12\">\u003C/div>\r\n\u003C/div>\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"col-md-12 col-xs-12\" id=\"bkmrk-\">\u003C/div>\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"col-md-12 col-xs-12\" id=\"bkmrk-cr%C3%A9ditos-de-imagen%3A-\">Créditos de imagen: Blas Rodríguez-Commons\u003C/div>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-%C2%A0\">\u003C/p>",{"id":36,"name":37,"slug":38,"html":39},2358,"Espacio geográfico","espacio-geografico","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-un-espacio-geogr%C3%A1fic\">Un \u003Cstrong>espacio geográfico o área geográfica\u003C/strong> es un medio físico que reúne determinados elementos naturales (ríos, playas, vegetación) y sociales, tanto económicos como culturales, que interactúan entre sí. Son espacios geográficos las llanuras, costas, ciudades, regiones, valles, países, etc.\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"id":41,"name":42,"slug":43,"html":44},851,"Coordenadas geográficas","coordenadas-geograficas","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-las-coordenadas-geog\">\u003Ca href=\"https://es.gizapedia.org/uploads/images/gallery/2023-10/WXJfmzJ9q6R2zgKm-mapa-coordenadas-geograficas-editado-768x492.jpeg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003Cimg src=\"https://es.gizapedia.org/uploads/images/gallery/2023-10/scaled-1680-/WXJfmzJ9q6R2zgKm-mapa-coordenadas-geograficas-editado-768x492.jpeg\" alt=\"Mapa_coordenadas_geograficas_editado-768x492.jpeg\" width=\"387\" height=\"248\">\u003C/a>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-las%C2%A0coordenadas-geog\">Las \u003Cstrong>coordenadas geográficas\u003C/strong> son un sistema para determinar la posición de un punto concreto en la superficie de la Tierra u otro planeta. En general, la posición de un punto en la superficie se define como el punto de corte de dos líneas perpendiculares concretas  denominadas \u003Cstrong>latitud y longitud\u003C/strong>, determinadas su posición en la esfera terrestre mediante la distancia (en grados, minutos y segundos) a unas líneas de referencia, \u003Cstrong>ecuador y meridiano de Greenwich\u003C/strong> respectivamente.\u003C/p>",{"id":46,"name":47,"slug":48,"html":49},68,"Frontera continental","frontera-continental","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-el-t%C3%A9rmino-frontera-\">El término \u003Cstrong>frontera continental\u003C/strong> se utiliza con acepciones diferentes:\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cul id=\"bkmrk-por-un-lado%2C-hace-re\">\r\n\u003Cli>por un lado, hace referencia a la frontera natural entre continentes; por ejemplo la frontera entre los continentes de Europa y Asia.\u003C/li>\r\n\u003Cli>por otro lado, hace referencia a la frontera política de un país que se encuentra dentro de un continente y por tanto no hace referencia a la frontera derivada de su dominio o soberanía sobre islas fuera del continente. Por ejemplo, las fronteras continentales de Estados Unidos son las que limitan con Canadá, como las que limitan con Méjico, aunque además de estas tiene otras fronteras como las del estado de Hawai y  otros territorios fuera del continente.\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>",{"id":51,"name":52,"slug":53,"html":54},3165,"Montes Urales","montes-urales","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-los-montes-urales-so\">\u003Cspan id=\"bkmrk-los-montes-urales-so-1\" class=\"form-control-text textarea\" style=\"display: block;\" role=\"textbox\">\u003Ca href=\"https://es.gizapedia.org/uploads/images/gallery/2025-05/WUGkEVgayQqpTcn0-europe-large-topographic-location-map-imageonline-co3.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003Cimg class=\"align-right\" src=\"https://es.gizapedia.org/uploads/images/gallery/2025-05/scaled-1680-/WUGkEVgayQqpTcn0-europe-large-topographic-location-map-imageonline-co3.png\" alt=\"Europe_large_topographic_location_map-imageonline.co(3).png\" width=\"496\" height=\"386\">\u003C/a>Los \u003Cstrong>Montes Urales\u003C/strong> son una cordillera situada en Rusia a lo largo de 2.300 km en un eje norte-sur, con una anchura de 150 km. Se ha considerado tradicionalmente como el límite entre Europa y Asia. Sus montañas son de altura media, siendo la más alta el monte Narodnaya (1895 m).  A su alrededor se sitúan importantes ciudades como Ekaterimburgo, Cheliábinsk, Perm y Oufa. \u003Cbr>\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-c%C5%95editos-de-mapa%3A-gr\">\u003Cem>Cŕeditos de mapa: GrandEscogriffe-Commons\u003C/em>\u003C/p>",{"id":56,"name":57,"slug":58,"html":59},3108,"Casquete glaciar","casquete-glaciar","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-\">\u003Ca href=\"https://es.gizapedia.org/uploads/images/gallery/2025-04/Am46RO66Iz5JZSoz-greenland-42-74746w-71-57394n.jpeg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003Cimg class=\"align-right\" src=\"https://es.gizapedia.org/uploads/images/gallery/2025-04/scaled-1680-/Am46RO66Iz5JZSoz-greenland-42-74746w-71-57394n.jpeg\" alt=\"Greenland_42.74746W_71.57394N.jpeg\" width=\"377\" height=\"282\">\u003C/a>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-imagen%3A-vista-sateli\">\u003Cem>Imagen: Vista satelital del casquete glaciar de Groenlandia. \u003Cbr>\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-un-casquete-glaciar%2C\">Un \u003Cstrong>casquete glaciar, casquete de hielo, manto de hielo o indlandsis\u003C/strong>, referido a zonas polares también lladado \u003Cstrong>casquete polar\u003C/strong>, es una gran extensión de hielo permanente que cubre una amplia superficie terrestre, pudiendo llegar a tener espesores de kilómetros de hielo. En nuestro días, existen en la Tierra únicamente los casquetes polares de Groenlandia y de la Antártida, aunque a lo largo de la historia climática del planeta han existido otros casquete glaciares en épocas de glaciación.  Generalmente tiene una superficie convexa, con el relieve enterrado bajo el hielo, excepto las cumbres de las montañas má altas, cuyos afloramientos reciben el nombre de nunatak; cuando el casquete llega a zonas costeras puede deslizarse al mar y formar plataformas de hielo y grandes bloques de hielo que se desprenden de estas, denominados icebergs.\u003C/p>",{"":61},[62,66,70,74,79,84,89,94,99,104,109,114,118,123,128,133,138,143,148,153,158,163,168,173,178,183,188,193,198,203,208,213,218,223,228,233,235,240,245,250,255,260,265,270,275,280,285,290,295,300,305,310,315,317,322,327,332,337,342,347,352,357,362,367,372,377,382,386,391,395,400,405,410,415,420,425,430,435,440,445,450,452,457,462,467,472,477,482,487,492,497,502,504,509,514,519,524,529,534,539,544,549,554,559,564,569,574,579,583,588,593,598,603,608,613,618,623,628,633,638,643,648,653,658,663,668,673,678,683,688,693,698,703,708,713,718,723,725,729,734,739,744,749,754,759,764,769,774,776,781,786,791,796,801,806,811,816,821,826,831,836,841,846,851,856,861,866,871,876,880,885,890,895,899,903,908,913,918,923,928,932,937,942,947,952,957,958,963,968,973,978,983,988,993,998,1003,1008,1013,1018,1023,1028,1033,1038,1043,1048,1053,1057,1061,1066,1070,1075,1080,1085,1090,1094,1099,1104,1109,1114,1119,1124,1129,1134],{"id":63,"name":64,"slug":65,"priority":7,"chapter_name":23},373,"Acción antrópica (actividad antrópica)","accion-antropica-actividad-antropica",{"id":67,"name":68,"slug":69,"priority":15,"chapter_name":23},648,"Aceleración urbana","aceleracion-urbana",{"id":71,"name":72,"slug":73,"priority":21,"chapter_name":23},3856,"Actividad agrícola","actividad-agricola",{"id":75,"name":76,"slug":77,"priority":78,"chapter_name":23},1147,"Afelio y perihelio","afelio-y-perihelio",3,{"id":80,"name":81,"slug":82,"priority":83,"chapter_name":23},213,"Agricultura","agricultura",4,{"id":85,"name":86,"slug":87,"priority":88,"chapter_name":23},2725,"Aguas oceánicas","aguas-oceanicas",5,{"id":90,"name":91,"slug":92,"priority":93,"chapter_name":23},1114,"Aguas superficiales","aguas-superficiales",6,{"id":95,"name":96,"slug":97,"priority":98,"chapter_name":23},438,"Albufera","albufera",7,{"id":100,"name":101,"slug":102,"priority":103,"chapter_name":23},2189,"Altiplano","altiplano",8,{"id":105,"name":106,"slug":107,"priority":108,"chapter_name":23},2177,"Altitud","altitud",9,{"id":110,"name":111,"slug":112,"priority":113,"chapter_name":23},2115,"Altitud geográfica y altitud media","altitud-geografica-y-altitud-media",10,{"id":115,"name":116,"slug":117,"priority":6,"chapter_name":23},179,"Amenazas locales y amenazas globales","amenazas-locales-y-amenazas-globales",{"id":119,"name":120,"slug":121,"priority":122,"chapter_name":23},1587,"Amplitud térmica (oscilación térmica)","amplitud-termica-oscilacion-termica",12,{"id":124,"name":125,"slug":126,"priority":127,"chapter_name":23},3013,"Anecúmene","anecumene",13,{"id":129,"name":130,"slug":131,"priority":132,"chapter_name":23},3354,"Antroposfera","antroposfera",14,{"id":134,"name":135,"slug":136,"priority":137,"chapter_name":23},1772,"Área metropolitana","area-metropolitana",15,{"id":139,"name":140,"slug":141,"priority":142,"chapter_name":23},1800,"Arroyo","arroyo",16,{"id":144,"name":145,"slug":146,"priority":147,"chapter_name":23},2163,"Astro rey","astro-rey",17,{"id":149,"name":150,"slug":151,"priority":152,"chapter_name":23},173,"Atractividad urbana","atractividad-urbana",18,{"id":154,"name":155,"slug":156,"priority":157,"chapter_name":23},3749,"Atributos geográficos (atributos del espacio geográficos)","atributos-geograficos-atributos-del-espacio-geograficos",19,{"id":159,"name":160,"slug":161,"priority":162,"chapter_name":23},2947,"Barra litoral (cordón litoral)","barra-litoral-cordon-litoral",20,{"id":164,"name":165,"slug":166,"priority":167,"chapter_name":23},3436,"Barrio (geografía urbana)","barrio-geografia-urbana",21,{"id":169,"name":170,"slug":171,"priority":172,"chapter_name":23},208,"Barrio chino","barrio-chino",22,{"id":174,"name":175,"slug":176,"priority":177,"chapter_name":23},2813,"Barrios obreros","barrios-obreros",23,{"id":179,"name":180,"slug":181,"priority":182,"chapter_name":23},3437,"Bioma","bioma",24,{"id":184,"name":185,"slug":186,"priority":187,"chapter_name":23},1065,"Bloque exento (edificio exento)","bloque-exento-edificio-exento",25,{"id":189,"name":190,"slug":191,"priority":192,"chapter_name":23},1837,"Bocage","bocage",26,{"id":194,"name":195,"slug":196,"priority":197,"chapter_name":23},2113,"Caladero de pesca","caladero-de-pesca",27,{"id":199,"name":200,"slug":201,"priority":202,"chapter_name":23},3418,"Cambio climático","cambio-climatico",28,{"id":204,"name":205,"slug":206,"priority":207,"chapter_name":23},239,"Campos abiertos (openfield)","campos-abiertos-openfield",29,{"id":209,"name":210,"slug":211,"priority":212,"chapter_name":23},1836,"Campos cerrados","campos-cerrados",30,{"id":214,"name":215,"slug":216,"priority":217,"chapter_name":23},2331,"Capital económica","capital-economica",31,{"id":219,"name":220,"slug":221,"priority":222,"chapter_name":23},1298,"Cárcavas","carcavas",32,{"id":224,"name":225,"slug":226,"priority":227,"chapter_name":23},485,"Carretera secundaria","carretera-secundaria",33,{"id":229,"name":230,"slug":231,"priority":232,"chapter_name":23},2405,"Carretera terciaria","carretera-terciaria",34,{"id":56,"name":57,"slug":58,"priority":234,"chapter_name":23},35,{"id":236,"name":237,"slug":238,"priority":239,"chapter_name":23},1663,"Casquetes polares","casquetes-polares",36,{"id":241,"name":242,"slug":243,"priority":244,"chapter_name":23},1010,"Caudal hidrológico","caudal-hidrologico",37,{"id":246,"name":247,"slug":248,"priority":249,"chapter_name":23},2448,"Círculo máximo","circulo-maximo",38,{"id":251,"name":252,"slug":253,"priority":254,"chapter_name":23},1689,"Ciudad compacta","ciudad-compacta",39,{"id":256,"name":257,"slug":258,"priority":259,"chapter_name":23},168,"Ciudad dispersa (ciudad difusa)","ciudad-dispersa-ciudad-difusa",40,{"id":261,"name":262,"slug":263,"priority":264,"chapter_name":23},1905,"Ciudad minera","ciudad-minera",41,{"id":266,"name":267,"slug":268,"priority":269,"chapter_name":23},1885,"Ciudad portuaria","ciudad-portuaria",42,{"id":271,"name":272,"slug":273,"priority":274,"chapter_name":23},3014,"Ciudad satélite","ciudad-satelite",43,{"id":276,"name":277,"slug":278,"priority":279,"chapter_name":23},1908,"Ciudad universitaria","ciudad-universitaria",44,{"id":281,"name":282,"slug":283,"priority":284,"chapter_name":23},4018,"Ciudad-región","ciudad-region",45,{"id":286,"name":287,"slug":288,"priority":289,"chapter_name":23},3703,"Cobertura vegetal (cubierta vegetal)","cobertura-vegetal-cubierta-vegetal",46,{"id":291,"name":292,"slug":293,"priority":294,"chapter_name":23},3857,"Comarca","comarca",47,{"id":296,"name":297,"slug":298,"priority":299,"chapter_name":23},2217,"Comunidad suburbana","comunidad-suburbana",48,{"id":301,"name":302,"slug":303,"priority":304,"chapter_name":23},2686,"Cono de deyección","cono-de-deyeccion",49,{"id":306,"name":307,"slug":308,"priority":309,"chapter_name":23},1564,"Continente","continente",50,{"id":311,"name":312,"slug":313,"priority":314,"chapter_name":23},1774,"Conurbación (conurbanización)","conurbacion-conurbanizacion",51,{"id":41,"name":42,"slug":43,"priority":316,"chapter_name":23},52,{"id":318,"name":319,"slug":320,"priority":321,"chapter_name":23},2324,"Cordillera","cordillera",53,{"id":323,"name":324,"slug":325,"priority":326,"chapter_name":23},2441,"Cordilleras alpinas","cordilleras-alpinas",54,{"id":328,"name":329,"slug":330,"priority":331,"chapter_name":23},3055,"Corografía","corografia",55,{"id":333,"name":334,"slug":335,"priority":336,"chapter_name":23},4030,"Costa de inmersión (costa de hundimiento, costa de transgresión)","costa-de-inmersion-costa-de-hundimiento-costa-de-transgresion",56,{"id":338,"name":339,"slug":340,"priority":341,"chapter_name":23},711,"Costas marítimas","costas-maritimas",57,{"id":343,"name":344,"slug":345,"priority":346,"chapter_name":23},2226,"Cresterío","cresterio",58,{"id":348,"name":349,"slug":350,"priority":351,"chapter_name":23},849,"Cuadrícula de referencia","cuadricula-de-referencia",59,{"id":353,"name":354,"slug":355,"priority":356,"chapter_name":23},226,"Cuenca del Ruhr","cuenca-del-ruhr",60,{"id":358,"name":359,"slug":360,"priority":361,"chapter_name":23},1040,"Deforestación","deforestacion",61,{"id":363,"name":364,"slug":365,"priority":366,"chapter_name":23},1175,"Degradación paisajística, paisajes degradados","degradacion-paisajistica-paisajes-degradados",62,{"id":368,"name":369,"slug":370,"priority":371,"chapter_name":23},471,"Densificación urbana","densificacion-urbana",63,{"id":373,"name":374,"slug":375,"priority":376,"chapter_name":23},2854,"Derrubios","derrubios",64,{"id":378,"name":379,"slug":380,"priority":381,"chapter_name":23},1157,"Desarrollo urbanístico","desarrollo-urbanistico",65,{"id":137,"name":383,"slug":384,"priority":385,"chapter_name":23},"Desiertos alimentarios","desiertos-alimentarios",66,{"id":387,"name":388,"slug":389,"priority":390,"chapter_name":23},1978,"Diversidad geográfica y complejidad 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