[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":623},["Reactive",2],{"options:asyncdata:$ogpPUTwkW6:/p/paradigma-dialectico:0":3},{"page":4,"book":25,"news":617,"questionSent":19,"questions":618,"formData":619,"attachments":22,"chartData":22,"pending":19,"chartOptions":620,"afspec":19,"aflink":622},{"id":5,"book_id":6,"chapter_id":7,"name":8,"slug":9,"html":10,"priority":11,"created_at":12,"updated_at":13,"created_by":14,"updated_by":18,"draft":19,"markdown":20,"revision_count":15,"template":19,"owned_by":21,"editor":20,"trends":22,"raw_html":23,"tags":24},4079,26,0,"Paradigma dialéctico","paradigma-dialectico","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-el-paradigma-dial%C3%A9ct\">El \u003Cstrong>paradigma dialéctico\u003C/strong> es la aplicación de la dialéctica desde la prspectiva de Hegel y Marx a la investigación social, según el cual la realidad se entiende como proceso fundamentalmente histórico y cambiante, resultado de la oposición entre diferentes fuerzas y factores y de la interdependencia de los fenómenos desde las que persigue el progreso y la transformación social. Su aplicación en especialmente destacada en el análisis del conflicto. \u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-puede-interesarte-ta\">\u003Cstrong>Puede interesarte también\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cul id=\"bkmrk-paradigma-sociocr%C3%ADti\">\r\n\u003Cli class=\"null\">\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/paradigma-socio-critico\">\u003Cstrong>Paradigma sociocrítico\u003C/strong>\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003Cli class=\"null\">\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/paradigma-historico-social\">\u003Cstrong>Paradigma histórico social\u003C/strong>\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>",221,"2026-03-07T06:08:54.000000Z","2026-03-07T06:19:38.000000Z",{"id":15,"name":16,"slug":17},1,"Admin","admin",{"id":15,"name":16,"slug":17},false,"",{"id":15,"name":16,"slug":17},null,"\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-el-paradigma-dial%C3%A9ct\">El \u003Cstrong>paradigma dialéctico\u003C/strong> es la aplicación de la dialéctica desde la prspectiva de Hegel y Marx a la investigación social, según el cual la realidad se entiende como proceso fundamentalmente histórico y cambiante, resultado de la oposición entre diferentes fuerzas y factores y de la interdependencia de los fenómenos desde las que persigue el progreso y la transformación social. Su aplicación en especialmente destacada en el análisis del conflicto. \u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-puede-interesarte-ta\">\u003Cstrong>Puede interesarte también\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cul id=\"bkmrk-paradigma-sociocr%C3%ADti\">\r\n\u003Cli class=\"null\">\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/paradigma-socio-critico\">\u003Cstrong>Paradigma sociocrítico\u003C/strong>\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003Cli class=\"null\">\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/paradigma-historico-social\">\u003Cstrong>Paradigma histórico social\u003C/strong>\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>",[],{"id":6,"name":26,"slug":27,"description":20,"created_at":28,"updated_at":29,"created_by":15,"updated_by":15,"owned_by":15,"default_template_id":22,"pages":30,"index":61,"shelves":616},"Metodología en ciencias sociales","metodologia-en-ciencias-sociales","2023-06-03T06:04:43.000000Z","2023-09-24T07:32:01.000000Z",[31,36,41,46,51,56],{"id":32,"name":33,"slug":34,"html":35},2059,"Investigación descriptiva","investigacion-descriptiva","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-una-investigaci%C3%B3n-de\">Una \u003Cstrong>investigación descriptiva o estudio descriptivo\u003C/strong> es un estudio sobre un fenómeno que simplemente analiza los datos recogidos sobre las variables que se han seleccionado sobre dicho fenómeno sin establecer ningún modelo previo que relacione dichas variables entre sí o con otras variables del entorno. De este modo, una investigación descriptiva se limita a constatar los datos relativos a un fenómeno y sus características más básicas. Desde un punto estadístico, una investigación descriptiva analiza los datos sin establecer para la variable bajo estudio ningún modelo aleatorio ni tener en cuenta el error subyacente al hecho de que dichos datos constituyen una muestra de una población.\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-puede-interesarte-ta\">\u003Cstrong>Puede interesarte también\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cul id=\"bkmrk-nivel-descriptivo-me\">\r\n\u003Cli class=\"null\">\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/nivel-descriptivo\">\u003Cstrong>Nivel descriptivo\u003C/strong>\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003Cli class=\"null\">\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/metodologia-descriptiva\">\u003Cstrong>Metodología descriptiva\u003C/strong>\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>",{"id":37,"name":38,"slug":39,"html":40},2780,"Sistemas socioecológicos, socioecología y enfoque socioecológico (perspectiva socioecológica, paradigma socioecológico)","sistemas-socioecologicos-socioecologia-y-enfoque-socioecologico-perspectiva-socioecologica-paradigma-socioecologico","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-el-enfoque-socioecol\">El \u003Cstrong>enfoque socioecológico, perspectiva socioecológica o paradigma socioecológico\u003C/strong> persigue analizar cierto tipo de problemas sociales desde un enfoque sistémico en el que se interrelacionan elementos sociales y recursos ambientales con una perspectiva interdisciplinar en la que se integren conceptos y métodos provenientes tanto de las ciencias naturales como de las ciencias sociales. Se utiliza sobre todo en cuestiones relacionados con las necesidades económicas de tipo vital, como el acceso a recursos naturales, alimentación, desarrollo rural y urbano,  prevención de la salud y en general en el estudio de sistemas socioecológicos en los que aparecen vinculados sociedad y medio ambiente en términos de adaptación, vulnerabilidad y resiliencia. En especial, el enfoque socioecógico puede resultar especialmente útil en cuestiones relacionados con la sostenibilidad.  Así pues, la \u003Cstrong>socioecología\u003C/strong> entiende la sociedad como un sistema viviente autopoiético, que se interrelaciona con ciertos recursos del medio ambiente, por un lado a través de relaciones sociales que estructuran el acceso y forma de explotación de dichos recursos, y por otro mediante relaciones de tipo ecológico, intercambios de materia y energía, entre recursos y sociedad. \u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-puede-interesarte-ta\">\u003Cstrong>Puede interesarte también\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cul id=\"bkmrk-paradigma-sociocr%C3%ADti\">\r\n\u003Cli class=\"null\">\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/paradigma-socio-critico\">\u003Cstrong>Paradigma sociocrítico\u003C/strong>\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>",{"id":42,"name":43,"slug":44,"html":45},1132,"Marco teórico (marco de referencia)","marco-teorico-marco-de-referencia","\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: right; margin-top: -55px; margin-bottom: 20px;\" id=\"bkmrk-\">\u003Cbr>\u003C/div>\r\n\u003Cform id=\"bkmrk--1\" class=\"mb-4\">\u003C/form>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-marco-te%C3%B3rico-o-marc\">\u003Cstrong>Marco teórico, marco de referencia o marco referencial\u003C/strong> es el conjunto de conceptualizaciones, modelos, teorías y estudios previos en los que se basa un estudio,  investigación, análisis o experimento. Esto permite, entre otras cosas, definir exactamente los conceptos y su uso en el estudio, adecuar el planteamiento de las hipótesis y plantear resultados y conclusiones de forma coherente con lo que la teoría afirma.\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-el-desarrollo-del-ma\">El desarrollo del marco teórico es fundamental en los trabajos de grado, fin de máster, tesis doctorales y artículos científicos.\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-puede-interesarte-ta\">\u003Cstrong>Puede interesarte también\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cul id=\"bkmrk-marco-conceptual\">\r\n\u003Cli class=\"null\">\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/marco-conceptual\">\u003Cstrong>Marco conceptual\u003C/strong>\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-%C2%A0\">\u003C/p>",{"id":47,"name":48,"slug":49,"html":50},2757,"Factor intrapersonal (variable intrapersonal)","factor-intrapersonal-variable-intrapersonal","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-un-factor-intraperso\">Un \u003Cstrong>factor intrapersonal o variable intrapersonal\u003C/strong> es un factor o variable propio de cada sujeto y que por tanto no se observa en relación a su entorno, aunque este pueda haber sido por causado por factores de tipo social. Por ejemplo son factores intrapersonales la motivación o la inteligencia.\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-puede-interesarte-ta\">\u003Cstrong>Puede interesarte también\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cul id=\"bkmrk-factores-ovariables-\">\r\n\u003Cli class=\"null\">\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/factores-organismicos\">\u003Cstrong>Factores ovariables organísmicas\u003C/strong>\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>",{"id":52,"name":53,"slug":54,"html":55},2720,"Investigación nomotética","investigacion-nomotetica","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-una-investigaci%C3%B3n-no\">Una \u003Cstrong>investigación nomotética\u003C/strong> es aquella que persigue el establecimiento de leyes o principios de validez universal en relación a un fenómeno  o población. Para ello puede y de hecho debe partirse de los casos individuales o particulares relativos al fenómeno en cuestión, para después a través de la generalización estadística, establecer pautas y tendencias de carácter general que nos lleven a la formulación de una ley general.\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-puede-interesarte-ta\">\u003Cstrong>Puede interesarte también\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cul id=\"bkmrk-conocimiento-nomot%C3%A9t\">\r\n\u003Cli class=\"null\">\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/conocimiento-nomotetico\">\u003Cstrong>Conocimiento nomotético\u003C/strong>\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>",{"id":57,"name":58,"slug":59,"html":60},675,"Escala de valoración","escala-de-valoracion","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-una-escala-de-valora\">Una \u003Cstrong>escala de valoración\u003C/strong> es una metodología de medición  (ver, en general, \u003Cstrong>escala psicométrica\u003C/strong>) de opiniones, actitudes o comportamientos que persigue que los sujetos se posicionen en relación al nivel en que están de acuerdo con una proposición o valoren un determinado objeto o desempeño. Son tratadas estadísticamente a un nivel de medición correspondiente a la \u003Cstrong>escala de ordinal\u003C/strong> y también a la \u003Cstrong>escala de intervalo\u003C/strong>. Puede ser de tipo numérico, por ejemplo puntuando un ítem del 1 (desacuerdo o insatisfacción absoluta) al 5 (conformidad o insatisfacción total), mediante las denominadas escalas de Likert; de carácter verbal (por ejemplo, \"nunca-a veces-regularmente-con frecuencia-siempre\" o \"insatisfecho-algo satisfecho-bastante satisfecho-muy satisfecho-totalmente satisfecho\") o visual, cuando el sujeto debe colocar su nivel de conformidad o satisfacción entre los extremos opuestos de un segmento, a veces a través de un elemento interactivo, a través de una barra deslizante.\u003C/p>",{"":62},[63,68,73,78,83,88,93,98,103,108,113,118,122,124,129,134,139,144,149,154,159,164,169,174,179,184,189,194,199,201,206,211,216,221,226,231,236,241,246,251,256,261,266,271,276,281,286,291,296,298,303,308,313,318,323,328,333,337,342,347,352,357,362,367,372,377,382,387,392,397,402,407,412,417,422,427,432,434,436,438,443,447,452,457,462,467,472,477,482,487,492,497,502,507,512,517,522,527,532,537,542,547,552,557,562,567,572,577,582,587,592,597,602,605,610,615],{"id":64,"name":65,"slug":66,"priority":67,"chapter_name":22},178,"Marco contextual","marco-contextual",2,{"id":69,"name":70,"slug":71,"priority":72,"chapter_name":22},81,"Definición operacional","definicion-operacional",12,{"id":74,"name":75,"slug":76,"priority":77,"chapter_name":22},186,"Paradigmas críticos","paradigmas-criticos",17,{"id":79,"name":80,"slug":81,"priority":82,"chapter_name":22},251,"Formulación de hipótesis","formulacion-de-hipotesis",18,{"id":84,"name":85,"slug":86,"priority":87,"chapter_name":22},467,"Observación sistemática y observación asistemática","observacion-sistematica-y-observacion-asistematica",19,{"id":89,"name":90,"slug":91,"priority":92,"chapter_name":22},520,"Observación pasiva y observación activa","observacion-pasiva-y-observacion-activa",20,{"id":94,"name":95,"slug":96,"priority":97,"chapter_name":22},548,"Investigación cualitativa (enfoque cualitativo de investigación)","investigacion-cualitativa-enfoque-cualitativo-de-investigacion",21,{"id":99,"name":100,"slug":101,"priority":102,"chapter_name":22},597,"Investigación social","investigacion-social",22,{"id":104,"name":105,"slug":106,"priority":107,"chapter_name":22},599,"Observación (concepto y definición)","observacion-concepto-y-definicion",23,{"id":109,"name":110,"slug":111,"priority":112,"chapter_name":22},627,"Categorización","categorizacion",24,{"id":114,"name":115,"slug":116,"priority":117,"chapter_name":22},650,"Ciencias sociales (definición)","ciencias-sociales-definicion",25,{"id":119,"name":120,"slug":121,"priority":6,"chapter_name":22},673,"Escala nominal","escala-nominal",{"id":57,"name":58,"slug":59,"priority":123,"chapter_name":22},27,{"id":125,"name":126,"slug":127,"priority":128,"chapter_name":22},696,"Validez externa","validez-externa",28,{"id":130,"name":131,"slug":132,"priority":133,"chapter_name":22},697,"Factores organísmicos","factores-organismicos",29,{"id":135,"name":136,"slug":137,"priority":138,"chapter_name":22},744,"Proyecto de investigación","proyecto-de-investigacion",30,{"id":140,"name":141,"slug":142,"priority":143,"chapter_name":22},797,"Síntesis bibliográfica","sintesis-bibliografica",31,{"id":145,"name":146,"slug":147,"priority":148,"chapter_name":22},803,"Juicio crítico","juicio-critico",32,{"id":150,"name":151,"slug":152,"priority":153,"chapter_name":22},879,"Paradigma de investigación","paradigma-de-investigacion",33,{"id":155,"name":156,"slug":157,"priority":158,"chapter_name":22},907,"Paradigma positivista","paradigma-positivista",34,{"id":160,"name":161,"slug":162,"priority":163,"chapter_name":22},82,"Operacionalización","operacionalizacion",46,{"id":165,"name":166,"slug":167,"priority":168,"chapter_name":22},914,"Definición instrumental","definicion-instrumental",47,{"id":170,"name":171,"slug":172,"priority":173,"chapter_name":22},925,"Paradigma histórico social","paradigma-historico-social",48,{"id":175,"name":176,"slug":177,"priority":178,"chapter_name":22},966,"Paradigma alternativo","paradigma-alternativo",49,{"id":180,"name":181,"slug":182,"priority":183,"chapter_name":22},993,"Perspectiva histórica","perspectiva-historica",50,{"id":185,"name":186,"slug":187,"priority":188,"chapter_name":22},1063,"Línea de investigación","linea-de-investigacion",51,{"id":190,"name":191,"slug":192,"priority":193,"chapter_name":22},1084,"Tipología","tipologia",52,{"id":195,"name":196,"slug":197,"priority":198,"chapter_name":22},1123,"Fuentes de información (fuentes de investigación)","fuentes-de-informacion-fuentes-de-investigacion",53,{"id":42,"name":43,"slug":44,"priority":200,"chapter_name":22},54,{"id":202,"name":203,"slug":204,"priority":205,"chapter_name":22},1201,"Paradigma socio-crítico","paradigma-socio-critico",55,{"id":207,"name":208,"slug":209,"priority":210,"chapter_name":22},1217,"Investigación","investigacion",56,{"id":212,"name":213,"slug":214,"priority":215,"chapter_name":22},1299,"Diseño observacional","diseno-observacional",57,{"id":217,"name":218,"slug":219,"priority":220,"chapter_name":22},1328,"Multifactorialidad","multifactorialidad",58,{"id":222,"name":223,"slug":224,"priority":225,"chapter_name":22},1342,"Giro interpretativo","giro-interpretativo",59,{"id":227,"name":228,"slug":229,"priority":230,"chapter_name":22},1368,"Abducción científica","abduccion-cientifica",60,{"id":232,"name":233,"slug":234,"priority":235,"chapter_name":22},1402,"Reformulación","reformulacion",61,{"id":237,"name":238,"slug":239,"priority":240,"chapter_name":22},1415,"Problematización (investigación científica)","problematizacion-investigacion-cientifica",62,{"id":242,"name":243,"slug":244,"priority":245,"chapter_name":22},1422,"Factores explicativos","factores-explicativos",63,{"id":247,"name":248,"slug":249,"priority":250,"chapter_name":22},1426,"Enfoque multidimensional","enfoque-multidimensional",64,{"id":252,"name":253,"slug":254,"priority":255,"chapter_name":22},1427,"Multidimensionalidad","multidimensionalidad",65,{"id":257,"name":258,"slug":259,"priority":260,"chapter_name":22},1541,"Factores aleatorios","factores-aleatorios",66,{"id":262,"name":263,"slug":264,"priority":265,"chapter_name":22},1611,"Síntesis","sintesis",67,{"id":267,"name":268,"slug":269,"priority":270,"chapter_name":22},1622,"Variable situacional","variable-situacional",68,{"id":272,"name":273,"slug":274,"priority":275,"chapter_name":22},1645,"Análisis empírico","analisis-empirico",69,{"id":277,"name":278,"slug":279,"priority":280,"chapter_name":22},1674,"Verificación empírica (confirmación empírica)","verificacion-empirica-confirmacion-empirica",70,{"id":282,"name":283,"slug":284,"priority":285,"chapter_name":22},1675,"Observación controlada y observación no controlada","observacion-controlada-y-observacion-no-controlada",71,{"id":287,"name":288,"slug":289,"priority":290,"chapter_name":22},1692,"Análisis","analisis",72,{"id":292,"name":293,"slug":294,"priority":295,"chapter_name":22},2049,"Factores ambientales","factores-ambientales",73,{"id":32,"name":33,"slug":34,"priority":297,"chapter_name":22},74,{"id":299,"name":300,"slug":301,"priority":302,"chapter_name":22},2092,"Referentes conceptuales","referentes-conceptuales",75,{"id":304,"name":305,"slug":306,"priority":307,"chapter_name":22},2110,"Factor biológico","factor-biologico",76,{"id":309,"name":310,"slug":311,"priority":312,"chapter_name":22},2116,"Validez de contenido (validación de contenido)","validez-de-contenido-validacion-de-contenido",86,{"id":314,"name":315,"slug":316,"priority":317,"chapter_name":22},2117,"Validez de constructo (validación de constructo)","validez-de-constructo-validacion-de-constructo",87,{"id":319,"name":320,"slug":321,"priority":322,"chapter_name":22},2118,"Listas de cotejo","listas-de-cotejo",88,{"id":324,"name":325,"slug":326,"priority":327,"chapter_name":22},2119,"Constructo (psicología)","constructo-psicologia",89,{"id":329,"name":330,"slug":331,"priority":332,"chapter_name":22},2132,"Hipótesis causal (hipótesis de dependencia causal, hipótesis de relación causal)","hipotesis-causal-hipotesis-de-dependencia-causal-hipotesis-de-relacion-causal",90,{"id":265,"name":334,"slug":335,"priority":336,"chapter_name":22},"Nivel descriptivo","nivel-descriptivo",132,{"id":338,"name":339,"slug":340,"priority":341,"chapter_name":22},343,"Unidad de análisis","unidad-de-analisis",162,{"id":343,"name":344,"slug":345,"priority":346,"chapter_name":22},2170,"Nivel de análisis","nivel-de-analisis",163,{"id":348,"name":349,"slug":350,"priority":351,"chapter_name":22},2171,"Unidad de observación","unidad-de-observacion",164,{"id":353,"name":354,"slug":355,"priority":356,"chapter_name":22},2242,"Registro continuo (observación)","registro-continuo-observacion",165,{"id":358,"name":359,"slug":360,"priority":361,"chapter_name":22},2279,"Objeto de estudio","objeto-de-estudio",166,{"id":363,"name":364,"slug":365,"priority":366,"chapter_name":22},2289,"Observación semisistemática","observacion-semisistematica",167,{"id":368,"name":369,"slug":370,"priority":371,"chapter_name":22},2319,"Cientificidad","cientificidad",168,{"id":373,"name":374,"slug":375,"priority":376,"chapter_name":22},2320,"Noología (ciencias noológicas)","noologia-ciencias-noologicas",169,{"id":378,"name":379,"slug":380,"priority":381,"chapter_name":22},2327,"Paradigma pragmático","paradigma-pragmatico",170,{"id":383,"name":384,"slug":385,"priority":386,"chapter_name":22},2372,"Método 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