[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":1825},["Reactive",2],{"options:asyncdata:$ogpPUTwkW6:/p/neoproteccionismo:0":3},{"page":4,"book":25,"news":1819,"questionSent":19,"questions":1820,"formData":1821,"attachments":22,"chartData":22,"pending":19,"chartOptions":1822,"afspec":19,"aflink":1824},{"id":5,"book_id":6,"chapter_id":7,"name":8,"slug":9,"html":10,"priority":11,"created_at":12,"updated_at":13,"created_by":14,"updated_by":18,"draft":19,"markdown":20,"revision_count":15,"template":19,"owned_by":21,"editor":20,"trends":22,"raw_html":23,"tags":24},4080,9,0,"Neoproteccionismo","neoproteccionismo","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-el-neoproteccionismo\">El \u003Cstrong>neoproteccionismo\u003C/strong> es el despliegue por parte de los estados, frecuetemente del primer mundo, de \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/politica-proteccionista\">políticas proteccionistas\u003C/a>\u003C/strong> a partir del siglo XXI para hacer frente a las consecuencias negativas desarrollo del libre comercio y la globalización económica, entre ellas el dumping social y ecodumping desarrolado por países en vías de desarrollo o el control de materias primas estratégicas. \u003C/p>",357,"2026-03-07T06:30:27.000000Z","2026-03-07T06:45:12.000000Z",{"id":15,"name":16,"slug":17},1,"Admin","admin",{"id":15,"name":16,"slug":17},false,"",{"id":15,"name":16,"slug":17},null,"\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-el-neoproteccionismo\">El \u003Cstrong>neoproteccionismo\u003C/strong> es el despliegue por parte de los estados, frecuetemente del primer mundo, de \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/politica-proteccionista\">políticas proteccionistas\u003C/a>\u003C/strong> a partir del siglo XXI para hacer frente a las consecuencias negativas desarrollo del libre comercio y la globalización económica, entre ellas el dumping social y ecodumping desarrolado por países en vías de desarrollo o el control de materias primas estratégicas. \u003C/p>",[],{"id":6,"name":26,"slug":27,"description":20,"created_at":28,"updated_at":28,"created_by":15,"updated_by":15,"owned_by":15,"default_template_id":22,"pages":29,"index":60,"shelves":1812},"Economía general","economia-general","2023-05-07T11:50:42.000000Z",[30,35,40,45,50,55],{"id":31,"name":32,"slug":33,"html":34},24,"Efectivo (dinero en circulación)","efectivo-dinero-en-circulacion","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-el-dinero-en-efectiv\">\u003Cspan id=\"bkmrk-el-dinero-en-efectiv-1\" class=\"form-control-text textarea\" role=\"textbox\">El \u003Cstrong>dinero en efectivo, dinero en metalico o dinero en circulación\u003C/strong> es la cantidad de dinero que se halla en circulación en un Estado, es decir, en forma de monedas y billetes (véase, además, fiat dinero y dinero fiduciario) en manos de particulares, empresas y en general de otras instituciones. El dinero en circulación más las reservas de dinero de los bancos existentes en el banco central, ambos en monedas y billetes, forman el dinero legal. El dinero efectivo es en todos los casos \u003Ca href=\"https://gizapedia.hirusta.io/dinero-legal-dinero-de-curso-legal/\">dinero legal\u003C/a> y dinero que debe aceptarse como medio de pago y de cambio, mientras no se haya establecido otra cosa en los contratos. En general no se incluyen en el efectivo las monedas y billetes de que dispone el propio banco central, por no haberse emitido aún, ni las monedas conmemorativas, cuando no puedan utilizarse como dinero legal.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-hoy-en-d%C3%ADa%2C-el-diner\">Hoy en día, el \u003Cstrong>dinero en efectivo\u003C/strong> se trata generalmente de dinero fiat o dinero por decreto, en el sentido de que no posee valor en su materialidad sino por el valor o crédito que le concede el haber sido emitido por las autoridades monetarias. Desde la aparición del dinero electrónico, en forma de tarjetas de débito o crédito principalmente, la utilización del dinero en efectivo ha ido declinando, aunque sigue siendo hoy en día el medio de pago más utilizado en la mayoría de los países. Sin embargo, desde instancias gubernamentales, se propone la retirada de efectivo y su sustitución por dinero electrónico, con el objetivo de controlar eficaz y totalmente las transacciones de dinero, sobre todo de cara a su supervisión fiscal.\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-\">\u003Cspan id=\"bkmrk--1\" class=\"form-control-text textarea\" role=\"textbox\">\u003Cbr>\u003C/span>\u003C/p>",{"id":36,"name":37,"slug":38,"html":39},2352,"Microeconomía","microeconomia","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-la-microeconom%C3%ADa-o-t\">La \u003Cstrong>microeconomía o teoría microeconómica\u003C/strong> es la rama de la economía que estudia el comportamiento de los \u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/agentes-economicos\">agentes económicos\u003C/a> básicos o individuales, de las empresas, las familias e individuos, y las relaciones entre ellos, con el objetivo de modelizar y predecir los precios, producciones y salarios, entre otros. Es una de las dos ramas principales de la economía, junto con  la macroeconomía, que analiza la evolución de un espacio económico y sus macromagnitudes (BNG, paro, inflación, tipos de interés).\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-%C2%A0\">\u003C/p>",{"id":41,"name":42,"slug":43,"html":44},79,"Empresas locales","empresas-locales","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-las-empresas-locales\">Las \u003Cstrong>empresas locales\u003C/strong> son aquellas que desarrollan su producción y comercialización en un ámbito geográfico limitado, a nivel regional o regional, pero siempre en un entorno próximo a su sede o centro de decisión, a diferencia de las empresas internacionalizadas y multinacionales. El crecimiento y desarrollo de las empresas locales es limitado, pero al mismo tiempo son empresas que pueden tener una resiliencia especial en tiempos de crisis, porque aunque no están diversificadas, están totalmente integradas en el territorio, con una clientela leal y con la solidaridad de instituciones tanto públicas como privadas locales. Al mismo tiempo, son empresas que, en general, están especialmente comprometidas con la sociedad, especialmente en el mantenimiento y desarrollo del empleo.\u003C/p>",{"id":46,"name":47,"slug":48,"html":49},270,"Capital especulativo parasitario","capital-especulativo-parasitario","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-capital-especulativo\">\u003Cstrong>Capital especulativo parasitario\u003C/strong> (ver además en general \u003Cstrong>capital especulativo\u003C/strong>) es el término utilizado por un grupo de pensadores marxistas para denominar al capital financiero ficticio, cuando este adquiere una magnitud que supera al capital productivo, de forma que pierde toda correspondencia con él y adquiere unas dinámicas propias, que provocan que la propia inversión en capital productivo se vea afectado negativamente, por las mayores plusvalías que ofrece el capital especulativo, como por su volumen, en la medida que conlleva un riesgo sistémico que afectaría finalmente también al capital productivo, arrastrándolo en su caída.\u003C/p>",{"id":51,"name":52,"slug":53,"html":54},1640,"Librecambismo","librecambismo","\u003Cdiv class=\"row\" id=\"bkmrk-\">\u003C/div>\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"row\" id=\"bkmrk-el-librecambismo-o-p\">\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"col-md-12 col-xs-12\">El \u003Cstrong>librecambismo o política librecambista\u003C/strong> es una doctrina y una política económica que defiende el libre comercio entre países, sin poner límites a las importaciones y exportaciones. Es una política opuesta al proteccionismo y al mercantilismo. Con las políticascas librecambistas se persigue fundamentalmente aprovechar las ventajas comparativas del comercio internacional, el poder acceder a productos y servicios producidos de forma más eficiente, con mejores precios o calidades que si fueran producidos a nivel nacional. El librecambismo, como doctrina, se extendió en el siglo XVIII, especialmente en el Reino Unido, pero su desarrollo más notable se ha desarrollado en el siglo XX, a través de reglas, tratados y organizaciones internacionales como el GATT, la OMC (Organización Mundial del Comercio) o la Unión Europea. La globalización económica es el mayor exponente y reflejo del librecambismo.\u003Cbr>\u003C/div>\r\n\u003C/div>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-%C2%A0\"> \u003C/p>",{"id":56,"name":57,"slug":58,"html":59},1994,"Capital improductivo","capital-improductivo","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-el-capital-improduct\">El \u003Cstrong>capital improductivo o capital no productivo \u003C/strong>es aquel que no se destina finalmente a la producción de bienes y servicios sino que se utiliza a la mera inversión especulativa en activos financieros.\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-puede-interesarte-ad\">\u003Cstrong>Puede interesarte además\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cul id=\"bkmrk-capital-productivo\">\r\n\u003Cli class=\"null\">\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/capital-productivo\">\u003Cstrong>Capital productivo\u003C/strong>\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003Cli class=\"null\">\u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/capital-lucrativo\">Capital lucrativo\u003C/a>\u003Cbr>\u003C/strong>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>",{"":61},[62,66,69,73,78,83,88,93,98,103,108,112,117,122,126,131,136,141,146,151,156,161,166,170,175,180,185,189,194,199,204,209,211,216,221,226,231,236,241,246,251,256,261,266,271,276,281,285,290,295,300,305,310,315,320,325,330,335,340,345,350,354,359,364,369,374,379,384,389,393,398,403,407,411,415,419,424,429,434,439,441,446,451,455,460,462,466,471,476,481,486,491,496,501,506,511,516,521,526,531,536,541,546,551,556,561,566,571,576,581,586,591,596,601,606,611,616,621,626,631,636,641,646,651,656,661,666,670,675,680,685,690,695,700,705,710,715,720,724,729,734,739,744,749,754,759,764,769,774,779,784,789,794,799,804,809,813,818,823,828,832,837,842,847,851,856,861,866,870,875,880,885,890,895,900,905,910,915,920,925,928,933,938,943,948,953,957,962,967,972,977,982,987,992,997,1001,1006,1010,1015,1020,1025,1030,1032,1037,1042,1047,1052,1056,1061,1066,1071,1076,1081,1085,1089,1094,1099,1104,1109,1114,1119,1124,1129,1134,1139,1144,1149,1154,1159,1164,1169,1174,1179,1184,1186,1191,1196,1200,1205,1209,1213,1218,1223,1228,1233,1238,1243,1248,1253,1257,1262,1267,1272,1277,1279,1284,1289,1294,1299,1304,1309,1314,1319,1324,1329,1334,1339,1343,1348,1353,1358,1362,1367,1371,1376,1381,1386,1391,1396,1401,1406,1411,1416,1421,1426,1431,1436,1441,1446,1450,1455,1460,1465,1469,1474,1478,1483,1488,1493,1498,1503,1508,1513,1518,1523,1528,1533,1538,1543,1548,1553,1557,1562,1567,1572,1577,1582,1587,1592,1597,1601,1606,1610,1614,1618,1622,1627,1632,1636,1641,1646,1651,1656,1661,1665,1669,1674,1679,1684,1689,1693,1698,1703,1708,1713,1718,1723,1728,1733,1738,1743,1748,1753,1758,1763,1768,1773,1778,1781,1782,1787,1792,1797,1802,1807],{"id":63,"name":64,"slug":65,"priority":7,"chapter_name":22},566,"Actividad económica","actividad-economica",{"id":67,"name":68,"slug":20,"priority":7,"chapter_name":22},3974,"Sistema capitalista",{"id":70,"name":71,"slug":72,"priority":15,"chapter_name":22},665,"Actividad industrial","actividad-industrial",{"id":74,"name":75,"slug":76,"priority":77,"chapter_name":22},1272,"Activo especulativo","activo-especulativo",2,{"id":79,"name":80,"slug":81,"priority":82,"chapter_name":22},517,"Activos de reserva","activos-de-reserva",3,{"id":84,"name":85,"slug":86,"priority":87,"chapter_name":22},1211,"Activos digitales","activos-digitales",4,{"id":89,"name":90,"slug":91,"priority":92,"chapter_name":22},519,"Activos logísticos","activos-logisticos",5,{"id":94,"name":95,"slug":96,"priority":97,"chapter_name":22},567,"Actos económicos","actos-economicos",6,{"id":99,"name":100,"slug":101,"priority":102,"chapter_name":22},621,"Agentes económicos","agentes-economicos",7,{"id":104,"name":105,"slug":106,"priority":107,"chapter_name":22},1592,"Alza salarial","alza-salarial",8,{"id":109,"name":110,"slug":111,"priority":6,"chapter_name":22},339,"Amortización directa y amortización indirecta","amortizacion-directa-y-amortizacion-indirecta",{"id":113,"name":114,"slug":115,"priority":116,"chapter_name":22},729,"Ampliación de la base tributaria","ampliacion-de-la-base-tributaria",10,{"id":118,"name":119,"slug":120,"priority":121,"chapter_name":22},1443,"Aperturismo económico","aperturismo-economico",11,{"id":123,"name":124,"slug":125,"priority":123,"chapter_name":22},12,"Autarquía","autarquia",{"id":127,"name":128,"slug":129,"priority":130,"chapter_name":22},524,"Autoempleo","autoempleo",13,{"id":132,"name":133,"slug":134,"priority":135,"chapter_name":22},1432,"Balance competitivo","balance-competitivo",14,{"id":137,"name":138,"slug":139,"priority":140,"chapter_name":22},710,"Balanza de servicios","balanza-de-servicios",15,{"id":142,"name":143,"slug":144,"priority":145,"chapter_name":22},182,"Banca en la sombra (bancos paralelos)","banca-en-la-sombra-bancos-paralelos",16,{"id":147,"name":148,"slug":149,"priority":150,"chapter_name":22},638,"Barómetro económico","barometro-economico",17,{"id":152,"name":153,"slug":154,"priority":155,"chapter_name":22},448,"Bienes (definición general)","bienes-definicion-general",18,{"id":157,"name":158,"slug":159,"priority":160,"chapter_name":22},630,"Bienes de capital y bienes de consumo","bienes-de-capital-y-bienes-de-consumo",19,{"id":162,"name":163,"slug":164,"priority":165,"chapter_name":22},576,"Bienes económicos","bienes-economicos",20,{"id":167,"name":168,"slug":169,"priority":165,"chapter_name":22},1834,"Digitalización","digitalizacion",{"id":171,"name":172,"slug":173,"priority":174,"chapter_name":22},749,"Bonos sindicados","bonos-sindicados",21,{"id":176,"name":177,"slug":178,"priority":179,"chapter_name":22},518,"Boom del ladrillo","boom-del-ladrillo",22,{"id":181,"name":182,"slug":183,"priority":184,"chapter_name":22},176,"Boom turístico (boom del turismo)","boom-turistico-boom-del-turismo",23,{"id":186,"name":187,"slug":188,"priority":31,"chapter_name":22},1273,"Burbuja crediticia","burbuja-crediticia",{"id":190,"name":191,"slug":192,"priority":193,"chapter_name":22},1322,"Burbuja financiera","burbuja-financiera",25,{"id":195,"name":196,"slug":197,"priority":198,"chapter_name":22},515,"Burbuja tecnológica","burbuja-tecnologica",26,{"id":200,"name":201,"slug":202,"priority":203,"chapter_name":22},642,"Capital comercial","capital-comercial",27,{"id":205,"name":206,"slug":207,"priority":208,"chapter_name":22},1067,"Capital especulativo","capital-especulativo",28,{"id":46,"name":47,"slug":48,"priority":210,"chapter_name":22},29,{"id":212,"name":213,"slug":214,"priority":215,"chapter_name":22},1269,"Capital extranjero","capital-extranjero",30,{"id":217,"name":218,"slug":219,"priority":220,"chapter_name":22},266,"Capital ficticio","capital-ficticio",31,{"id":222,"name":223,"slug":224,"priority":225,"chapter_name":22},1036,"Capital fijo (capital permanente)","capital-fijo-capital-permanente",32,{"id":227,"name":228,"slug":229,"priority":230,"chapter_name":22},431,"Capital financiero","capital-financiero",33,{"id":232,"name":233,"slug":234,"priority":235,"chapter_name":22},614,"Capital humano","capital-humano",34,{"id":237,"name":238,"slug":239,"priority":240,"chapter_name":22},1110,"Capital industrial","capital-industrial",35,{"id":242,"name":243,"slug":244,"priority":245,"chapter_name":22},1583,"Capital intangible","capital-intangible",36,{"id":247,"name":248,"slug":249,"priority":250,"chapter_name":22},772,"Capital lucrativo","capital-lucrativo",37,{"id":252,"name":253,"slug":254,"priority":255,"chapter_name":22},752,"Capital productivo","capital-productivo",38,{"id":257,"name":258,"slug":259,"priority":260,"chapter_name":22},679,"Capital usurario","capital-usurario",39,{"id":262,"name":263,"slug":264,"priority":265,"chapter_name":22},867,"Capitales golondrina (capitales golondrino)","capitales-golondrina-capitales-golondrino",40,{"id":267,"name":268,"slug":269,"priority":270,"chapter_name":22},1152,"Capitalismo financiero","capitalismo-financiero",41,{"id":272,"name":273,"slug":274,"priority":275,"chapter_name":22},1130,"Capitalismo monopolista","capitalismo-monopolista",42,{"id":277,"name":278,"slug":279,"priority":280,"chapter_name":22},936,"Pecuniario","pecuniario",43,{"id":282,"name":283,"slug":284,"priority":280,"chapter_name":22},1163,"Clasificación sectorial (clasificación de actividades)","clasificacion-sectorial-clasificacion-de-actividades",{"id":286,"name":287,"slug":288,"priority":289,"chapter_name":22},164,"Comerciantes","comerciantes",44,{"id":291,"name":292,"slug":293,"priority":294,"chapter_name":22},210,"Comercio de compensación","comercio-de-compensacion",45,{"id":296,"name":297,"slug":298,"priority":299,"chapter_name":22},376,"Concentración sectorial","concentracion-sectorial",46,{"id":301,"name":302,"slug":303,"priority":304,"chapter_name":22},896,"Congelación salarial (congelación de salarios)","congelacion-salarial-congelacion-de-salarios",47,{"id":306,"name":307,"slug":308,"priority":309,"chapter_name":22},728,"Consolidación fiscal","consolidacion-fiscal",48,{"id":311,"name":312,"slug":313,"priority":314,"chapter_name":22},1398,"Consumo autónomo","consumo-autonomo",49,{"id":316,"name":317,"slug":318,"priority":319,"chapter_name":22},1182,"Consumo inducido (consumo dependiente)","consumo-inducido-consumo-dependiente",50,{"id":321,"name":322,"slug":323,"priority":324,"chapter_name":22},944,"Consumo privado (demanda privada)","consumo-privado-demanda-privada",51,{"id":326,"name":327,"slug":328,"priority":329,"chapter_name":22},619,"Costes laborales","costes-laborales",52,{"id":331,"name":332,"slug":333,"priority":334,"chapter_name":22},705,"Coyuntura económica","coyuntura-economica",53,{"id":336,"name":337,"slug":338,"priority":339,"chapter_name":22},1412,"Crecimiento sostenido","crecimiento-sostenido",54,{"id":341,"name":342,"slug":343,"priority":344,"chapter_name":22},1257,"Crisis de sobreproducción (crisis de superproducción)","crisis-de-sobreproduccion-crisis-de-superproduccion",55,{"id":346,"name":347,"slug":348,"priority":349,"chapter_name":22},667,"Crisis de subproducción","crisis-de-subproduccion",56,{"id":203,"name":351,"slug":352,"priority":353,"chapter_name":22},"Cuenta bancaria","cuenta-bancaria",57,{"id":355,"name":356,"slug":357,"priority":358,"chapter_name":22},377,"Decrecentismo","decrecentismo",58,{"id":360,"name":361,"slug":362,"priority":363,"chapter_name":22},1348,"Deflactación del IRPF","deflactacion-del-irpf",59,{"id":365,"name":366,"slug":367,"priority":368,"chapter_name":22},1291,"Demanda derivada","demanda-derivada",60,{"id":370,"name":371,"slug":372,"priority":373,"chapter_name":22},403,"Demanda turística","demanda-turistica",61,{"id":375,"name":376,"slug":377,"priority":378,"chapter_name":22},1434,"Dependencia energética","dependencia-energetica",62,{"id":380,"name":381,"slug":382,"priority":383,"chapter_name":22},475,"Dependencia tecnológica","dependencia-tecnologica",63,{"id":385,"name":386,"slug":387,"priority":388,"chapter_name":22},866,"Depósito a la vista","deposito-a-la-vista",64,{"id":145,"name":390,"slug":391,"priority":392,"chapter_name":22},"Derrama económica","derrama-economica",65,{"id":394,"name":395,"slug":396,"priority":397,"chapter_name":22},152,"Desarrollismo","desarrollismo",66,{"id":399,"name":400,"slug":401,"priority":402,"chapter_name":22},327,"Destrucción de demanda","destruccion-de-demanda",67,{"id":174,"name":404,"slug":405,"priority":406,"chapter_name":22},"Dinero bancario","dinero-bancario",68,{"id":210,"name":408,"slug":409,"priority":410,"chapter_name":22},"Dinero 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