[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":1825},["Reactive",2],{"options:asyncdata:$ogpPUTwkW6:/p/mercado-de-trabajo-dual:0":3},{"page":4,"book":25,"news":1819,"questionSent":19,"questions":1820,"formData":1821,"attachments":22,"chartData":22,"pending":19,"chartOptions":1822,"afspec":19,"aflink":1824},{"id":5,"book_id":6,"chapter_id":7,"name":8,"slug":9,"html":10,"priority":11,"created_at":12,"updated_at":13,"created_by":14,"updated_by":18,"draft":19,"markdown":20,"revision_count":15,"template":19,"owned_by":21,"editor":20,"trends":22,"raw_html":23,"tags":24},4050,9,0,"Mercado de trabajo dual","mercado-de-trabajo-dual","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-un-mercado-de-trabaj\">Un \u003Cstrong>mercado de trabajo dual o mercado laboral dual\u003C/strong> es la situación en una economía regional o nacional en la que los trabajadores de una economía se dividen en dos sectores absolutamente diferenciados y en gran medida estancos entre ellos. Por un lado se situaría el sector o mercado de trabajo  primario, formado por los trabajadores con empleo estable, buenos sueldos y condiciones laborales; por otro lado,  y en destacada contraposición a los anteriores, se encuentran los trabajadores con empleos temporales y precarios y sueldos bajos. Los mercados de trabajo de trabajo duales generan desigualdad y precariedad estructural y finalmente incluso segregación social y altas tasa de pobreza, convirtiéndose para las personas del sector secundario en una trampa de la que es difícil salir. España es un ejemplo típico de mercado laboral dual, con sectores económicos como la agricultura, hostelería y otros servicios, con altas tasa de precariedad. La superación de un mercado udal exige la intervención estatal a través de regulaciones que pongan fin al abuso de contratos temporales y el \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/empleo-formal-y-empleo-informal\">empleo informal\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>, establezcan salarios mínimos y fomenten la negociación colectiva.\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-%C2%A0\"> \u003C/p>",356,"2026-02-27T09:02:36.000000Z","2026-02-27T09:21:59.000000Z",{"id":15,"name":16,"slug":17},1,"Admin","admin",{"id":15,"name":16,"slug":17},false,"",{"id":15,"name":16,"slug":17},null,"\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-un-mercado-de-trabaj\">Un \u003Cstrong>mercado de trabajo dual o mercado laboral dual\u003C/strong> es la situación en una economía regional o nacional en la que los trabajadores de una economía se dividen en dos sectores absolutamente diferenciados y en gran medida estancos entre ellos. Por un lado se situaría el sector o mercado de trabajo  primario, formado por los trabajadores con empleo estable, buenos sueldos y condiciones laborales; por otro lado,  y en destacada contraposición a los anteriores, se encuentran los trabajadores con empleos temporales y precarios y sueldos bajos. Los mercados de trabajo de trabajo duales generan desigualdad y precariedad estructural y finalmente incluso segregación social y altas tasa de pobreza, convirtiéndose para las personas del sector secundario en una trampa de la que es difícil salir. España es un ejemplo típico de mercado laboral dual, con sectores económicos como la agricultura, hostelería y otros servicios, con altas tasa de precariedad. La superación de un mercado udal exige la intervención estatal a través de regulaciones que pongan fin al abuso de contratos temporales y el \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/empleo-formal-y-empleo-informal\">empleo informal\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>, establezcan salarios mínimos y fomenten la negociación colectiva.\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-%C2%A0\"> \u003C/p>",[],{"id":6,"name":26,"slug":27,"description":20,"created_at":28,"updated_at":28,"created_by":15,"updated_by":15,"owned_by":15,"default_template_id":22,"pages":29,"index":60,"shelves":1812},"Economía general","economia-general","2023-05-07T11:50:42.000000Z",[30,35,40,45,50,55],{"id":31,"name":32,"slug":33,"html":34},724,"Reproducción simple","reproduccion-simple","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-en-la-teor%C3%ADa-marxist\">En la teoría marxista, la \u003Cstrong>reproducción económica simple\u003C/strong>, frente a la reproducción ampliada, se da cuando la plusvalía que se ha generado durante el ciclo económico no se reinvierte en el proceso productivo, de modo que la producción permanece constante y no se produce crecimiento económico.\u003C/p>",{"id":36,"name":37,"slug":38,"html":39},324,"Estabilidad macroeconómica","estabilidad-macroeconomica","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-la-estabilidad-macro\">La \u003Cstrong>estabilidad macroeconómica o estabilidad económica\u003C/strong> de un país es la situación en la que las variables e indicadores macroeconómicos de un país muestran una variación moderada, creándose de esta forma un escenario de equilibrio , certidumbre y confianza para el desarrollo de la actividad económica. Más concretamente, la estabilidad macroeconómica viene dada por estabilidad en precios (poca inflación), equilibrio de la balanzas comerciales y estabilidad de los tipos de cambio. Por ejemplo, una inflación alta provoca una incertidumbre en precios y demanda que retrae la actividad empresarial y el consumo de las familias; unos tipos de cambio inestables provocan incertidumbre en el comercio exterior y por tanto su retraimiento.\u003C/p>",{"id":41,"name":42,"slug":43,"html":44},1269,"Capital extranjero","capital-extranjero","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-capital-extranjero-e\">\u003Cstrong>Capital extranjero o capital exterior\u003C/strong> es la inversión que un particular o  sociedad radicada en otro país o incluso un estado extranjero realiza en un país concreto. Si bien la entrada de capital extranjero es positiva para la economía, tanto por la entrada de recursos financieros como por el efecto de arrastre que puede provocar en el resto de la economía, puede presentar inconvenientes como es el control de empresa, tecnologia y recursos nacionales por parte de agentes extranjeros.\u003C/p>",{"id":46,"name":47,"slug":48,"html":49},2199,"Concierto fiscal","concierto-fiscal","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-un-concierto-fiscal%2C\">Un \u003Cstrong>concierto fiscal, a veces llamado también concierto económico\u003C/strong> (como por ejemplo en el Concierto Económico Vasco) es un convenio o acuerdo entre dos entidades políticas en las que se asignan competencias fiscales a cada una de las partes, mñas concretamente en lo relativo a la \u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/soberania-fiscal\">soberanía fiscal\u003C/a>, recaudación de tributos y disponibilidad y asignación de recursos obtenidos a través de ellos. \u003C/p>",{"id":51,"name":52,"slug":53,"html":54},1877,"Comercio exterior","comercio-exterior","\u003Cdiv class=\"row\" id=\"bkmrk-el-comercio-exterior\">\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"col-md-12 col-xs-12\">El \u003Cstrong>comercio exterior\u003C/strong> es el conjunto de las actividades económicas vinculadas a las transacciones (importaciones y exportaciones) y transacciones financieras (inversiones de capital, transferencias,...) que se producen entre agentes económicos (particulares, empresas y administraciones públicas) de diferentes países.\u003C/div>\r\n\u003C/div>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-%C2%A0\"> \u003C/p>",{"id":56,"name":57,"slug":58,"html":59},3359,"Precios públicos","precios-publicos","\u003Cp data-start=\"151\" data-end=\"517\" id=\"bkmrk-los-precios-p%C3%BAblicos\">Los\u003Cstrong> precios públicos \u003C/strong>son las cantidades que paga un ciudadano por bienes o servicios ofrecidos por el Estado, siempre que el pago se realice de forma voluntaria y mediante una relación contractual similar a la que se establecería con una empresa privada. Algunos ejemplos de precios públicos son el pago por el suministro de agua o por el uso del transporte público.\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp data-start=\"519\" data-end=\"906\" id=\"bkmrk-este-concepto-se-ase\">Este concepto se asemeja al de las tasas —como, por ejemplo, el pago por la obtención de un título oficial—, ya que en ambos casos es el Estado quien presta el servicio o proporciona el bien. Sin embargo, existen diferencias clave: en las tasas, el carácter obligatorio es mayor, ya que se consideran un tributo; en cambio, en los precios públicos, la obligatoriedad deriva del contrato.\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp data-start=\"908\" data-end=\"1146\" id=\"bkmrk-adem%C3%A1s%2C-aunque-en-lo\">Además, aunque en los precios públicos el servicio o bien pueda ser prestado por el Estado, también es posible que lo proporcione una empresa privada; en cambio, en el caso de las tasas, la prestación corresponde exclusivamente al Estado.\u003C/p>",{"":61},[62,66,69,73,78,83,88,93,98,103,108,112,117,122,126,131,136,141,146,151,156,161,166,170,175,180,185,190,195,200,205,210,215,217,222,227,232,237,242,247,252,257,262,267,272,277,282,286,291,296,301,306,311,316,321,326,331,336,341,346,351,355,360,365,370,375,380,385,390,394,399,404,408,412,416,420,425,430,435,440,444,449,454,459,464,468,472,477,482,487,492,497,502,504,509,514,519,524,529,534,539,544,549,554,559,564,569,574,579,584,589,594,599,604,609,614,619,624,629,634,639,644,649,654,659,664,669,673,678,683,688,693,698,703,708,713,718,723,727,732,737,742,747,752,757,762,767,772,777,782,787,792,797,802,807,812,816,821,826,831,835,840,845,850,854,859,864,869,873,878,883,888,893,895,900,905,910,915,920,925,928,933,938,943,948,953,957,962,967,972,977,982,987,992,997,1001,1006,1010,1015,1020,1025,1030,1035,1040,1045,1050,1055,1059,1064,1069,1074,1079,1084,1088,1092,1097,1102,1107,1112,1117,1122,1127,1132,1137,1139,1144,1149,1154,1159,1164,1169,1174,1179,1184,1189,1194,1199,1203,1208,1212,1216,1221,1226,1231,1233,1238,1243,1248,1253,1257,1262,1267,1272,1277,1282,1287,1292,1297,1302,1307,1312,1317,1322,1327,1332,1337,1342,1346,1351,1356,1361,1365,1370,1374,1379,1384,1389,1394,1399,1404,1409,1414,1419,1424,1429,1434,1439,1444,1449,1453,1458,1463,1468,1472,1477,1481,1486,1491,1496,1501,1506,1511,1516,1521,1526,1531,1536,1541,1546,1551,1556,1560,1565,1570,1575,1580,1582,1587,1592,1597,1601,1606,1610,1614,1618,1622,1627,1632,1636,1641,1646,1651,1656,1661,1665,1669,1674,1679,1684,1689,1693,1698,1703,1708,1713,1718,1723,1728,1733,1738,1743,1748,1753,1758,1763,1768,1773,1774,1778,1782,1787,1792,1797,1802,1807],{"id":63,"name":64,"slug":65,"priority":7,"chapter_name":22},566,"Actividad económica","actividad-economica",{"id":67,"name":68,"slug":20,"priority":7,"chapter_name":22},3974,"Sistema capitalista",{"id":70,"name":71,"slug":72,"priority":15,"chapter_name":22},665,"Actividad industrial","actividad-industrial",{"id":74,"name":75,"slug":76,"priority":77,"chapter_name":22},1272,"Activo especulativo","activo-especulativo",2,{"id":79,"name":80,"slug":81,"priority":82,"chapter_name":22},517,"Activos de reserva","activos-de-reserva",3,{"id":84,"name":85,"slug":86,"priority":87,"chapter_name":22},1211,"Activos digitales","activos-digitales",4,{"id":89,"name":90,"slug":91,"priority":92,"chapter_name":22},519,"Activos logísticos","activos-logisticos",5,{"id":94,"name":95,"slug":96,"priority":97,"chapter_name":22},567,"Actos económicos","actos-economicos",6,{"id":99,"name":100,"slug":101,"priority":102,"chapter_name":22},621,"Agentes económicos","agentes-economicos",7,{"id":104,"name":105,"slug":106,"priority":107,"chapter_name":22},1592,"Alza salarial","alza-salarial",8,{"id":109,"name":110,"slug":111,"priority":6,"chapter_name":22},339,"Amortización directa y amortización indirecta","amortizacion-directa-y-amortizacion-indirecta",{"id":113,"name":114,"slug":115,"priority":116,"chapter_name":22},729,"Ampliación de la base tributaria","ampliacion-de-la-base-tributaria",10,{"id":118,"name":119,"slug":120,"priority":121,"chapter_name":22},1443,"Aperturismo económico","aperturismo-economico",11,{"id":123,"name":124,"slug":125,"priority":123,"chapter_name":22},12,"Autarquía","autarquia",{"id":127,"name":128,"slug":129,"priority":130,"chapter_name":22},524,"Autoempleo","autoempleo",13,{"id":132,"name":133,"slug":134,"priority":135,"chapter_name":22},1432,"Balance competitivo","balance-competitivo",14,{"id":137,"name":138,"slug":139,"priority":140,"chapter_name":22},710,"Balanza de servicios","balanza-de-servicios",15,{"id":142,"name":143,"slug":144,"priority":145,"chapter_name":22},182,"Banca en la sombra (bancos paralelos)","banca-en-la-sombra-bancos-paralelos",16,{"id":147,"name":148,"slug":149,"priority":150,"chapter_name":22},638,"Barómetro económico","barometro-economico",17,{"id":152,"name":153,"slug":154,"priority":155,"chapter_name":22},448,"Bienes (definición general)","bienes-definicion-general",18,{"id":157,"name":158,"slug":159,"priority":160,"chapter_name":22},630,"Bienes de capital y bienes de consumo","bienes-de-capital-y-bienes-de-consumo",19,{"id":162,"name":163,"slug":164,"priority":165,"chapter_name":22},576,"Bienes económicos","bienes-economicos",20,{"id":167,"name":168,"slug":169,"priority":165,"chapter_name":22},1834,"Digitalización","digitalizacion",{"id":171,"name":172,"slug":173,"priority":174,"chapter_name":22},749,"Bonos sindicados","bonos-sindicados",21,{"id":176,"name":177,"slug":178,"priority":179,"chapter_name":22},518,"Boom del ladrillo","boom-del-ladrillo",22,{"id":181,"name":182,"slug":183,"priority":184,"chapter_name":22},176,"Boom turístico (boom del turismo)","boom-turistico-boom-del-turismo",23,{"id":186,"name":187,"slug":188,"priority":189,"chapter_name":22},1273,"Burbuja crediticia","burbuja-crediticia",24,{"id":191,"name":192,"slug":193,"priority":194,"chapter_name":22},1322,"Burbuja financiera","burbuja-financiera",25,{"id":196,"name":197,"slug":198,"priority":199,"chapter_name":22},515,"Burbuja tecnológica","burbuja-tecnologica",26,{"id":201,"name":202,"slug":203,"priority":204,"chapter_name":22},642,"Capital comercial","capital-comercial",27,{"id":206,"name":207,"slug":208,"priority":209,"chapter_name":22},1067,"Capital especulativo","capital-especulativo",28,{"id":211,"name":212,"slug":213,"priority":214,"chapter_name":22},270,"Capital especulativo parasitario","capital-especulativo-parasitario",29,{"id":41,"name":42,"slug":43,"priority":216,"chapter_name":22},30,{"id":218,"name":219,"slug":220,"priority":221,"chapter_name":22},266,"Capital ficticio","capital-ficticio",31,{"id":223,"name":224,"slug":225,"priority":226,"chapter_name":22},1036,"Capital fijo (capital permanente)","capital-fijo-capital-permanente",32,{"id":228,"name":229,"slug":230,"priority":231,"chapter_name":22},431,"Capital financiero","capital-financiero",33,{"id":233,"name":234,"slug":235,"priority":236,"chapter_name":22},614,"Capital humano","capital-humano",34,{"id":238,"name":239,"slug":240,"priority":241,"chapter_name":22},1110,"Capital industrial","capital-industrial",35,{"id":243,"name":244,"slug":245,"priority":246,"chapter_name":22},1583,"Capital intangible","capital-intangible",36,{"id":248,"name":249,"slug":250,"priority":251,"chapter_name":22},772,"Capital lucrativo","capital-lucrativo",37,{"id":253,"name":254,"slug":255,"priority":256,"chapter_name":22},752,"Capital productivo","capital-productivo",38,{"id":258,"name":259,"slug":260,"priority":261,"chapter_name":22},679,"Capital usurario","capital-usurario",39,{"id":263,"name":264,"slug":265,"priority":266,"chapter_name":22},867,"Capitales golondrina (capitales golondrino)","capitales-golondrina-capitales-golondrino",40,{"id":268,"name":269,"slug":270,"priority":271,"chapter_name":22},1152,"Capitalismo financiero","capitalismo-financiero",41,{"id":273,"name":274,"slug":275,"priority":276,"chapter_name":22},1130,"Capitalismo monopolista","capitalismo-monopolista",42,{"id":278,"name":279,"slug":280,"priority":281,"chapter_name":22},936,"Pecuniario","pecuniario",43,{"id":283,"name":284,"slug":285,"priority":281,"chapter_name":22},1163,"Clasificación sectorial (clasificación de actividades)","clasificacion-sectorial-clasificacion-de-actividades",{"id":287,"name":288,"slug":289,"priority":290,"chapter_name":22},164,"Comerciantes","comerciantes",44,{"id":292,"name":293,"slug":294,"priority":295,"chapter_name":22},210,"Comercio de compensación","comercio-de-compensacion",45,{"id":297,"name":298,"slug":299,"priority":300,"chapter_name":22},376,"Concentración sectorial","concentracion-sectorial",46,{"id":302,"name":303,"slug":304,"priority":305,"chapter_name":22},896,"Congelación salarial (congelación de salarios)","congelacion-salarial-congelacion-de-salarios",47,{"id":307,"name":308,"slug":309,"priority":310,"chapter_name":22},728,"Consolidación fiscal","consolidacion-fiscal",48,{"id":312,"name":313,"slug":314,"priority":315,"chapter_name":22},1398,"Consumo autónomo","consumo-autonomo",49,{"id":317,"name":318,"slug":319,"priority":320,"chapter_name":22},1182,"Consumo inducido (consumo dependiente)","consumo-inducido-consumo-dependiente",50,{"id":322,"name":323,"slug":324,"priority":325,"chapter_name":22},944,"Consumo privado (demanda privada)","consumo-privado-demanda-privada",51,{"id":327,"name":328,"slug":329,"priority":330,"chapter_name":22},619,"Costes laborales","costes-laborales",52,{"id":332,"name":333,"slug":334,"priority":335,"chapter_name":22},705,"Coyuntura económica","coyuntura-economica",53,{"id":337,"name":338,"slug":339,"priority":340,"chapter_name":22},1412,"Crecimiento sostenido","crecimiento-sostenido",54,{"id":342,"name":343,"slug":344,"priority":345,"chapter_name":22},1257,"Crisis de sobreproducción (crisis de superproducción)","crisis-de-sobreproduccion-crisis-de-superproduccion",55,{"id":347,"name":348,"slug":349,"priority":350,"chapter_name":22},667,"Crisis de subproducción","crisis-de-subproduccion",56,{"id":204,"name":352,"slug":353,"priority":354,"chapter_name":22},"Cuenta bancaria","cuenta-bancaria",57,{"id":356,"name":357,"slug":358,"priority":359,"chapter_name":22},377,"Decrecentismo","decrecentismo",58,{"id":361,"name":362,"slug":363,"priority":364,"chapter_name":22},1348,"Deflactación del IRPF","deflactacion-del-irpf",59,{"id":366,"name":367,"slug":368,"priority":369,"chapter_name":22},1291,"Demanda derivada","demanda-derivada",60,{"id":371,"name":372,"slug":373,"priority":374,"chapter_name":22},403,"Demanda turística","demanda-turistica",61,{"id":376,"name":377,"slug":378,"priority":379,"chapter_name":22},1434,"Dependencia energética","dependencia-energetica",62,{"id":381,"name":382,"slug":383,"priority":384,"chapter_name":22},475,"Dependencia tecnológica","dependencia-tecnologica",63,{"id":386,"name":387,"slug":388,"priority":389,"chapter_name":22},866,"Depósito a la vista","deposito-a-la-vista",64,{"id":145,"name":391,"slug":392,"priority":393,"chapter_name":22},"Derrama económica","derrama-economica",65,{"id":395,"name":396,"slug":397,"priority":398,"chapter_name":22},152,"Desarrollismo","desarrollismo",66,{"id":400,"name":401,"slug":402,"priority":403,"chapter_name":22},327,"Destrucción de demanda","destruccion-de-demanda",67,{"id":174,"name":405,"slug":406,"priority":407,"chapter_name":22},"Dinero bancario","dinero-bancario",68,{"id":214,"name":409,"slug":410,"priority":411,"chapter_name":22},"Dinero fiat","dinero-fiat",69,{"id":209,"name":413,"slug":414,"priority":415,"chapter_name":22},"Dinero fiduciario","dinero-fiduciario",70,{"id":184,"name":417,"slug":418,"priority":419,"chapter_name":22},"Dinero legal (dinero de curso legal)","dinero-legal-dinero-de-curso-legal",71,{"id":421,"name":422,"slug":423,"priority":424,"chapter_name":22},891,"Ecoeficiencia","ecoeficiencia",72,{"id":426,"name":427,"slug":428,"priority":429,"chapter_name":22},1441,"Economía de guerra","economia-de-guerra",73,{"id":431,"name":432,"slug":433,"priority":434,"chapter_name":22},375,"Economía informal","economia-informal",74,{"id":436,"name":437,"slug":438,"priority":439,"chapter_name":22},1138,"Economía social de mercado","economia-social-de-mercado",75,{"id":189,"name":441,"slug":442,"priority":443,"chapter_name":22},"Efectivo (dinero en circulación)","efectivo-dinero-en-circulacion",76,{"id":445,"name":446,"slug":447,"priority":448,"chapter_name":22},661,"Efectos de primera ronda","efectos-de-primera-ronda",77,{"id":450,"name":451,"slug":452,"priority":453,"chapter_name":22},378,"Efectos de segunda ronda","efectos-de-segunda-ronda",78,{"id":455,"name":456,"slug":457,"priority":458,"chapter_name":22},193,"Elementos patrimoniales","elementos-patrimoniales",79,{"id":460,"name":461,"slug":462,"priority":463,"chapter_name":22},1292,"Empleo formal y empleo informal","empleo-formal-y-empleo-informal",80,{"id":458,"name":465,"slug":466,"priority":467,"chapter_name":22},"Empresas locales","empresas-locales",81,{"id":453,"name":469,"slug":470,"priority":471,"chapter_name":22},"Empresas públicas","empresas-publicas",82,{"id":473,"name":474,"slug":475,"priority":476,"chapter_name":22},1274,"Endeudamiento masivo","endeudamiento-masivo",83,{"id":478,"name":479,"slug":480,"priority":481,"chapter_name":22},1489,"Energía de transición","energia-de-transicion",84,{"id":483,"name":484,"slug":485,"priority":486,"chapter_name":22},321,"Entorno macroeconómico","entorno-macroeconomico",85,{"id":488,"name":489,"slug":490,"priority":491,"chapter_name":22},516,"Equiparación salarial","equiparacion-salarial",86,{"id":493,"name":494,"slug":495,"priority":496,"chapter_name":22},1127,"Escudo tarifario","escudo-tarifario",87,{"id":498,"name":499,"slug":500,"priority":501,"chapter_name":22},1335,"Estabilidad laboral","estabilidad-laboral",88,{"id":36,"name":37,"slug":38,"priority":503,"chapter_name":22},89,{"id":505,"name":506,"slug":507,"priority":508,"chapter_name":22},920,"Estructura económica","estructura-economica",90,{"id":510,"name":511,"slug":512,"priority":513,"chapter_name":22},292,"Externalización","externalizacion",91,{"id":515,"name":516,"slug":517,"priority":518,"chapter_name":22},1181,"Fiscalidad verde","fiscalidad-verde",92,{"id":520,"name":521,"slug":522,"priority":523,"chapter_name":22},564,"Fuerza de trabajo","fuerza-de-trabajo",93,{"id":525,"name":526,"slug":527,"priority":528,"chapter_name":22},565,"Fuerza laboral","fuerza-laboral",94,{"id":530,"name":531,"slug":532,"priority":533,"chapter_name":22},1105,"Gasto público (gasto del gobierno)","gasto-publico-gasto-del-gobierno",95,{"id":535,"name":536,"slug":537,"priority":538,"chapter_name":22},123,"Hechos económicos (fenómenos económicos)","hechos-economicos-fenomenos-economicos",96,{"id":540,"name":541,"slug":542,"priority":543,"chapter_name":22},1214,"Igualdad económica","igualdad-economica",97,{"id":545,"name":546,"slug":547,"priority":548,"chapter_name":22},982,"Impuestos (definición)","impuestos-definicion",98,{"id":550,"name":551,"slug":552,"priority":553,"chapter_name":22},1142,"Incorporación al mercado de trabajo","incorporacion-al-mercado-de-trabajo",99,{"id":555,"name":556,"slug":557,"priority":558,"chapter_name":22},1585,"Industria madura","industria-madura",100,{"id":560,"name":561,"slug":562,"priority":563,"chapter_name":22},1352,"Industrialismo","industrialismo",101,{"id":565,"name":566,"slug":567,"priority":568,"chapter_name":22},450,"Inflación de demanda e inflación de oferta","inflacion-de-demanda-e-inflacion-de-oferta",102,{"id":570,"name":571,"slug":572,"priority":573,"chapter_name":22},1601,"Inflación residual","inflacion-residual",103,{"id":575,"name":576,"slug":577,"priority":578,"chapter_name":22},1600,"Inflación subyacente","inflacion-subyacente",104,{"id":580,"name":581,"slug":582,"priority":583,"chapter_name":22},834,"Infrafinanciación","infrafinanciacion",105,{"id":585,"name":586,"slug":587,"priority":588,"chapter_name":22},1571,"Ingresos pasivos (rentas pasivas)","ingresos-pasivos-rentas-pasivas",106,{"id":590,"name":591,"slug":592,"priority":593,"chapter_name":22},237,"Intercambios comerciales (transacciones comerciales)","intercambios-comerciales-transacciones-comerciales",107,{"id":595,"name":596,"slug":597,"priority":598,"chapter_name":22},828,"Intereses (finanzas)","intereses-finanzas",108,{"id":600,"name":601,"slug":602,"priority":603,"chapter_name":22},1331,"Intereses económicos","intereses-economicos",109,{"id":605,"name":606,"slug":607,"priority":608,"chapter_name":22},294,"Internalización (finanzas)","internalizacion-finanzas",110,{"id":610,"name":611,"slug":612,"priority":613,"chapter_name":22},1124,"Inversión productiva","inversion-productiva",111,{"id":615,"name":616,"slug":617,"priority":618,"chapter_name":22},1262,"Investigación aplicada","investigacion-aplicada",112,{"id":620,"name":621,"slug":622,"priority":623,"chapter_name":22},868,"Lagunas de cotización","lagunas-de-cotizacion",113,{"id":625,"name":626,"slug":627,"priority":628,"chapter_name":22},938,"Liberalismo económico","liberalismo-economico",114,{"id":630,"name":631,"slug":632,"priority":633,"chapter_name":22},1076,"Liberalización (mercado, sector económico)","liberalizacion-mercado-sector-economico",115,{"id":635,"name":636,"slug":637,"priority":638,"chapter_name":22},1077,"Liberalización (nivel de economía)","liberalizacion-nivel-de-economia",116,{"id":640,"name":641,"slug":642,"priority":643,"chapter_name":22},770,"Libertad económica","libertad-economica",117,{"id":645,"name":646,"slug":647,"priority":648,"chapter_name":22},939,"Libre mercado","libre-mercado",118,{"id":650,"name":651,"slug":652,"priority":653,"chapter_name":22},1473,"Logistización","logistizacion",119,{"id":655,"name":656,"slug":657,"priority":658,"chapter_name":22},402,"Mercado de origen","mercado-de-origen",120,{"id":660,"name":661,"slug":662,"priority":663,"chapter_name":22},1369,"Mercados financieros","mercados-financieros",121,{"id":665,"name":666,"slug":667,"priority":668,"chapter_name":22},1184,"Metalívoro, metalívora","metalivoro-metalivora",122,{"id":670,"name":671,"slug":672,"priority":535,"chapter_name":22},191,"Microestabilidad y macroestabilidad financieras","microestabilidad-y-macroestabilidad-financieras",{"id":674,"name":675,"slug":676,"priority":677,"chapter_name":22},367,"Modelos económicos","modelos-economicos",124,{"id":679,"name":680,"slug":681,"priority":682,"chapter_name":22},203,"Modo de producción tributario","modo-de-produccion-tributario",125,{"id":684,"name":685,"slug":686,"priority":687,"chapter_name":22},323,"Nivel de actividad económica","nivel-de-actividad-economica",126,{"id":689,"name":690,"slug":691,"priority":692,"chapter_name":22},950,"Niveles de empleo","niveles-de-empleo",127,{"id":694,"name":695,"slug":696,"priority":697,"chapter_name":22},1121,"Oportunidades productivas","oportunidades-productivas",128,{"id":699,"name":700,"slug":701,"priority":702,"chapter_name":22},531,"Pacto de rentas","pacto-de-rentas",129,{"id":704,"name":705,"slug":706,"priority":707,"chapter_name":22},1440,"Pánico bancario","panico-bancario",130,{"id":709,"name":710,"slug":711,"priority":712,"chapter_name":22},1099,"Paridad de poder adquisitivo (PPA)","paridad-de-poder-adquisitivo-ppa",131,{"id":714,"name":715,"slug":716,"priority":717,"chapter_name":22},247,"Pleno empleo","pleno-empleo",132,{"id":719,"name":720,"slug":721,"priority":722,"chapter_name":22},530,"Política de rentas","politica-de-rentas",133,{"id":628,"name":724,"slug":725,"priority":726,"chapter_name":22},"Política deflacionista","politica-deflacionista",134,{"id":728,"name":729,"slug":730,"priority":731,"chapter_name":22},611,"Política inflacionista (política inflacionaria)","politica-inflacionista-politica-inflacionaria",135,{"id":733,"name":734,"slug":735,"priority":736,"chapter_name":22},1469,"Política proteccionista","politica-proteccionista",136,{"id":738,"name":739,"slug":740,"priority":741,"chapter_name":22},1458,"Políticas activas y pasivas de empleo","politicas-activas-y-pasivas-de-empleo",137,{"id":743,"name":744,"slug":745,"priority":746,"chapter_name":22},1234,"Políticas de austeridad","politicas-de-austeridad",138,{"id":748,"name":749,"slug":750,"priority":751,"chapter_name":22},990,"Precariedad laboral","precariedad-laboral",139,{"id":753,"name":754,"slug":755,"priority":756,"chapter_name":22},1444,"Precio del dinero","precio-del-dinero",140,{"id":758,"name":759,"slug":760,"priority":761,"chapter_name":22},618,"Precio del trabajo","precio-del-trabajo",141,{"id":763,"name":764,"slug":765,"priority":766,"chapter_name":22},694,"Precio en origen","precio-en-origen",142,{"id":768,"name":769,"slug":770,"priority":771,"chapter_name":22},455,"Precios subsidiados","precios-subsidiados",143,{"id":773,"name":774,"slug":775,"priority":776,"chapter_name":22},441,"Presiones inflacionistas","presiones-inflacionistas",144,{"id":778,"name":779,"slug":780,"priority":781,"chapter_name":22},1326,"Prestación y contraprestación","prestacion-y-contraprestacion",145,{"id":783,"name":784,"slug":785,"priority":786,"chapter_name":22},235,"Presupuestos públicos","presupuestos-publicos",146,{"id":788,"name":789,"slug":790,"priority":791,"chapter_name":22},365,"Problemas económicos","problemas-economicos",147,{"id":793,"name":794,"slug":795,"priority":796,"chapter_name":22},1371,"Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) real","producto-interno-bruto-pib-real",148,{"id":798,"name":799,"slug":800,"priority":801,"chapter_name":22},1534,"Productos de temporada","productos-de-temporada",149,{"id":803,"name":804,"slug":805,"priority":806,"chapter_name":22},156,"Productos y servicios (bienes y servicios)","productos-y-servicios-bienes-y-servicios",150,{"id":808,"name":809,"slug":810,"priority":811,"chapter_name":22},272,"Profesionalización","profesionalizacion",151,{"id":813,"name":814,"slug":815,"priority":395,"chapter_name":22},870,"Profesiones liberales (profesionales liberales)","profesiones-liberales-profesionales-liberales",{"id":817,"name":818,"slug":819,"priority":820,"chapter_name":22},1333,"Progresividad fiscal (regresividad fiscal)","progresividad-fiscal-regresividad-fiscal",153,{"id":822,"name":823,"slug":824,"priority":825,"chapter_name":22},333,"Pseudoproductos","pseudoproductos",154,{"id":827,"name":828,"slug":829,"priority":830,"chapter_name":22},334,"Pseudoproductos financieros","pseudoproductos-financieros",155,{"id":832,"name":833,"slug":834,"priority":803,"chapter_name":22},826,"Rebaja fiscal","rebaja-fiscal",{"id":836,"name":837,"slug":838,"priority":839,"chapter_name":22},827,"Recaudación fiscal","recaudacion-fiscal",157,{"id":841,"name":842,"slug":843,"priority":844,"chapter_name":22},1310,"Recursos económicos","recursos-economicos",158,{"id":846,"name":847,"slug":848,"priority":849,"chapter_name":22},1245,"Recursos físicos (recursos materiales)","recursos-fisicos-recursos-materiales",159,{"id":513,"name":851,"slug":852,"priority":853,"chapter_name":22},"Recursos piscícolas","recursos-piscicolas",160,{"id":855,"name":856,"slug":857,"priority":858,"chapter_name":22},427,"Redistribución de la renta (políticas redistributivas)","redistribucion-de-la-renta-politicas-redistributivas",161,{"id":860,"name":861,"slug":862,"priority":863,"chapter_name":22},1408,"Reestructuración de deuda","reestructuracion-de-deuda",162,{"id":865,"name":866,"slug":867,"priority":868,"chapter_name":22},1407,"Refinanciación","refinanciacion",163,{"id":870,"name":871,"slug":872,"priority":287,"chapter_name":22},436,"Reformas económicas","reformas-economicas",{"id":874,"name":875,"slug":876,"priority":877,"chapter_name":22},1428,"Regresividad (impuestos, fiscalidad)","regresividad-impuestos-fiscalidad",165,{"id":879,"name":880,"slug":881,"priority":882,"chapter_name":22},1507,"Relaciones de producción (relaciones productivas)","relaciones-de-produccion-relaciones-productivas",166,{"id":884,"name":885,"slug":886,"priority":887,"chapter_name":22},930,"Renta disponible","renta-disponible",167,{"id":889,"name":890,"slug":891,"priority":892,"chapter_name":22},629,"Rentas del trabajo y rentas del capital","rentas-del-trabajo-y-rentas-del-capital",168,{"id":31,"name":32,"slug":33,"priority":894,"chapter_name":22},169,{"id":896,"name":897,"slug":898,"priority":899,"chapter_name":22},1061,"Riesgo financiero","riesgo-financiero",170,{"id":901,"name":902,"slug":903,"priority":904,"chapter_name":22},1300,"Saldo comercial","saldo-comercial",171,{"id":906,"name":907,"slug":908,"priority":909,"chapter_name":22},1102,"Sector exterior","sector-exterior",172,{"id":911,"name":912,"slug":913,"priority":914,"chapter_name":22},758,"Sector formal y sector informal","sector-formal-y-sector-informal",173,{"id":916,"name":917,"slug":918,"priority":919,"chapter_name":22},319,"Shock energético","shock-energetico",174,{"id":921,"name":922,"slug":923,"priority":924,"chapter_name":22},763,"Shock externo","shock-externo",175,{"id":508,"name":926,"slug":927,"priority":181,"chapter_name":22},"Silvicultura","silvicultura",{"id":929,"name":930,"slug":931,"priority":932,"chapter_name":22},1580,"Sistema financiero","sistema-financiero",177,{"id":934,"name":935,"slug":936,"priority":937,"chapter_name":22},454,"Subsidio","subsidio",178,{"id":939,"name":940,"slug":941,"priority":942,"chapter_name":22},869,"Tasa de actividad (tasa de participación laboral)","tasa-de-actividad-tasa-de-participacion-laboral",179,{"id":944,"name":945,"slug":946,"priority":947,"chapter_name":22},288,"Tasa de actualización (inversión y finanzas)","tasa-de-actualizacion-inversion-y-finanzas",180,{"id":949,"name":950,"slug":951,"priority":952,"chapter_name":22},721,"Tasa de ocupación (tasa de empleo)","tasa-de-ocupacion-tasa-de-empleo",181,{"id":954,"name":955,"slug":956,"priority":142,"chapter_name":22},1442,"Tecnificación","tecnificacion",{"id":958,"name":959,"slug":960,"priority":961,"chapter_name":22},209,"Teletienda","teletienda",183,{"id":963,"name":964,"slug":965,"priority":966,"chapter_name":22},557,"Tierra, capital y trabajo","tierra-capital-y-trabajo",184,{"id":968,"name":969,"slug":970,"priority":971,"chapter_name":22},474,"Tipo impositivo (tipo de gravamen)","tipo-impositivo-tipo-de-gravamen",185,{"id":973,"name":974,"slug":975,"priority":976,"chapter_name":22},1270,"Titulización","titulizacion",186,{"id":978,"name":979,"slug":980,"priority":981,"chapter_name":22},1350,"Tramos del IRPF","tramos-del-irpf",187,{"id":983,"name":984,"slug":985,"priority":986,"chapter_name":22},1236,"Transferencias de capital","transferencias-de-capital",188,{"id":988,"name":989,"slug":990,"priority":991,"chapter_name":22},1232,"Turbulencias económicas","turbulencias-economicas",189,{"id":993,"name":994,"slug":995,"priority":996,"chapter_name":22},1227,"Unidad económica","unidad-economica",190,{"id":998,"name":999,"slug":1000,"priority":670,"chapter_name":22},1361,"Valorización energética","valorizacion-energetica",{"id":1002,"name":1003,"slug":1004,"priority":1005,"chapter_name":22},1271,"Vehículo de inversión","vehiculo-de-inversion",192,{"id":1007,"name":1008,"slug":1009,"priority":455,"chapter_name":22},1607,"Elefante blanco","elefante-blanco",{"id":1011,"name":1012,"slug":1013,"priority":1014,"chapter_name":22},1608,"Sector servicios (sector terciario)","sector-servicios-sector-terciario",194,{"id":1016,"name":1017,"slug":1018,"priority":1019,"chapter_name":22},1625,"Índice de Lerner","indice-de-lerner",195,{"id":1021,"name":1022,"slug":1023,"priority":1024,"chapter_name":22},1627,"Fuerzas económicas","fuerzas-economicas",196,{"id":1026,"name":1027,"slug":1028,"priority":1029,"chapter_name":22},1630,"Craqueo del crudo","craqueo-del-crudo",197,{"id":1031,"name":1032,"slug":1033,"priority":1034,"chapter_name":22},1640,"Librecambismo","librecambismo",198,{"id":1036,"name":1037,"slug":1038,"priority":1039,"chapter_name":22},1643,"Colectivización","colectivizacion",199,{"id":1041,"name":1042,"slug":1043,"priority":1044,"chapter_name":22},1646,"Factores de producción","factores-de-produccion",200,{"id":1046,"name":1047,"slug":1048,"priority":1049,"chapter_name":22},1648,"Índice SEDA","indice-seda",201,{"id":1051,"name":1052,"slug":1053,"priority":1054,"chapter_name":22},1698,"Revalorización de activos","revalorizacion-de-activos",202,{"id":1056,"name":1057,"slug":1058,"priority":679,"chapter_name":22},1717,"Demanda artificial","demanda-artificial",{"id":1060,"name":1061,"slug":1062,"priority":1063,"chapter_name":22},1722,"Saldo presupuestario","saldo-presupuestario",204,{"id":1065,"name":1066,"slug":1067,"priority":1068,"chapter_name":22},1724,"Innovación","innovacion",205,{"id":1070,"name":1071,"slug":1072,"priority":1073,"chapter_name":22},1728,"Economía lineal (modelo de economía lineal)","economia-lineal-modelo-de-economia-lineal",206,{"id":1075,"name":1076,"slug":1077,"priority":1078,"chapter_name":22},1733,"Insumos (inputs)","insumos-inputs",207,{"id":1080,"name":1081,"slug":1082,"priority":1083,"chapter_name":22},1741,"Sector puntero","sector-puntero",208,{"id":1085,"name":1086,"slug":1087,"priority":958,"chapter_name":22},1744,"Fuerza de trabajo (fuerza laboral)","fuerza-de-trabajo-fuerza-laboral",{"id":1089,"name":1090,"slug":1091,"priority":292,"chapter_name":22},1745,"Tasa de interés real y tasa de interés nominal","tasa-de-interes-real-y-tasa-de-interes-nominal",{"id":1093,"name":1094,"slug":1095,"priority":1096,"chapter_name":22},1762,"Asignación de recursos","asignacion-de-recursos",212,{"id":1098,"name":1099,"slug":1100,"priority":1101,"chapter_name":22},1764,"Inestabilidad del ciclo económico","inestabilidad-del-ciclo-economico",213,{"id":1103,"name":1104,"slug":1105,"priority":1106,"chapter_name":22},1778,"Valor añadido bruto (valor agregado bruto) a precio de mercado y a coste de factores","valor-anadido-bruto-valor-agregado-bruto-a-precio-de-mercado-y-a-coste-de-factores",214,{"id":1108,"name":1109,"slug":1110,"priority":1111,"chapter_name":22},1811,"Producto homogéneo","producto-homogeneo",215,{"id":1113,"name":1114,"slug":1115,"priority":1116,"chapter_name":22},1814,"Inversión directa","inversion-directa",216,{"id":1118,"name":1119,"slug":1120,"priority":1121,"chapter_name":22},1841,"Reproducción capitalista ampliada","reproduccion-capitalista-ampliada",217,{"id":1123,"name":1124,"slug":1125,"priority":1126,"chapter_name":22},1861,"Oferta agregada (curva de oferta agregada)","oferta-agregada-curva-de-oferta-agregada",218,{"id":1128,"name":1129,"slug":1130,"priority":1131,"chapter_name":22},1862,"Rigidez salarial (salarios rígidos)","rigidez-salarial-salarios-rigidos",219,{"id":1133,"name":1134,"slug":1135,"priority":1136,"chapter_name":22},1867,"Stock de capital","stock-de-capital",220,{"id":51,"name":52,"slug":53,"priority":1138,"chapter_name":22},221,{"id":1140,"name":1141,"slug":1142,"priority":1143,"chapter_name":22},1902,"Sectores económicos (sectores productivos, sectores de actividad)","sectores-economicos-sectores-productivos-sectores-de-actividad",222,{"id":1145,"name":1146,"slug":1147,"priority":1148,"chapter_name":22},1909,"Mercancía","mercancia",223,{"id":1150,"name":1151,"slug":1152,"priority":1153,"chapter_name":22},1920,"Necesidades económicas","necesidades-economicas",224,{"id":1155,"name":1156,"slug":1157,"priority":1158,"chapter_name":22},1937,"Dinero mercancía","dinero-mercancia",225,{"id":1160,"name":1161,"slug":1162,"priority":1163,"chapter_name":22},1944,"Subempleo","subempleo",226,{"id":1165,"name":1166,"slug":1167,"priority":1168,"chapter_name":22},1968,"Movilidad geográfica","movilidad-geografica",227,{"id":1170,"name":1171,"slug":1172,"priority":1173,"chapter_name":22},1969,"Sobrecualificación","sobrecualificacion",228,{"id":1175,"name":1176,"slug":1177,"priority":1178,"chapter_name":22},1971,"Justicia distributiva","justicia-distributiva",229,{"id":1180,"name":1181,"slug":1182,"priority":1183,"chapter_name":22},1973,"Fuerzas productivas","fuerzas-productivas",230,{"id":1185,"name":1186,"slug":1187,"priority":1188,"chapter_name":22},1994,"Capital improductivo","capital-improductivo",231,{"id":1190,"name":1191,"slug":1192,"priority":1193,"chapter_name":22},2039,"Consumo productivo","consumo-productivo",233,{"id":1195,"name":1196,"slug":1197,"priority":1198,"chapter_name":22},2054,"Capital bancario","capital-bancario",234,{"id":1200,"name":1201,"slug":1202,"priority":783,"chapter_name":22},2070,"Rentas imputadas","rentas-imputadas",{"id":1204,"name":1205,"slug":1206,"priority":1207,"chapter_name":22},2079,"Integración económica","integracion-economica",236,{"id":1209,"name":1210,"slug":1211,"priority":590,"chapter_name":22},2086,"Barreras económicas (fronteras económicas)","barreras-economicas-fronteras-economicas",{"id":1213,"name":68,"slug":1214,"priority":1215,"chapter_name":22},2120,"sistema-capitalista",238,{"id":1217,"name":1218,"slug":1219,"priority":1220,"chapter_name":22},2156,"Industria metalúrgica","industria-metalurgica",239,{"id":1222,"name":1223,"slug":1224,"priority":1225,"chapter_name":22},2157,"Estabilidad de precios","estabilidad-de-precios",240,{"id":1227,"name":1228,"slug":1229,"priority":1230,"chapter_name":22},2162,"Gigante asiático","gigante-asiatico",241,{"id":46,"name":47,"slug":48,"priority":1232,"chapter_name":22},242,{"id":1234,"name":1235,"slug":1236,"priority":1237,"chapter_name":22},2200,"Soberanía  fiscal","soberania-fiscal",243,{"id":1239,"name":1240,"slug":1241,"priority":1242,"chapter_name":22},2216,"Valor de uso","valor-de-uso",244,{"id":1244,"name":1245,"slug":1246,"priority":1247,"chapter_name":22},2219,"Producción económica","produccion-economica",245,{"id":1249,"name":1250,"slug":1251,"priority":1252,"chapter_name":22},2228,"Propensión marginal al consumo (PMGC)","propension-marginal-al-consumo-pmgc",246,{"id":1254,"name":1255,"slug":1256,"priority":714,"chapter_name":22},2292,"Economía de mercado","economia-de-mercado",{"id":1258,"name":1259,"slug":1260,"priority":1261,"chapter_name":22},2298,"Capital físico","capital-fisico",248,{"id":1263,"name":1264,"slug":1265,"priority":1266,"chapter_name":22},2309,"Valoración contingente","valoracion-contingente",250,{"id":1268,"name":1269,"slug":1270,"priority":1271,"chapter_name":22},2338,"Consumo improductivo","consumo-improductivo",251,{"id":1273,"name":1274,"slug":1275,"priority":1276,"chapter_name":22},2339,"Consumo suntuario","consumo-suntuario",252,{"id":1278,"name":1279,"slug":1280,"priority":1281,"chapter_name":22},2352,"Microeconomía","microeconomia",253,{"id":1283,"name":1284,"slug":1285,"priority":1286,"chapter_name":22},2364,"Potencia económica","potencia-economica",254,{"id":1288,"name":1289,"slug":1290,"priority":1291,"chapter_name":22},2411,"Equilibrio presupuestario","equilibrio-presupuestario",255,{"id":1293,"name":1294,"slug":1295,"priority":1296,"chapter_name":22},2420,"Tasa de interés activa","tasa-de-interes-activa",256,{"id":1298,"name":1299,"slug":1300,"priority":1301,"chapter_name":22},2421,"Tasa de interés pasiva","tasa-de-interes-pasiva",257,{"id":1303,"name":1304,"slug":1305,"priority":1306,"chapter_name":22},2430,"Impuestos especiales","impuestos-especiales",258,{"id":1308,"name":1309,"slug":1310,"priority":1311,"chapter_name":22},2458,"Fisco","fisco",259,{"id":1313,"name":1314,"slug":1315,"priority":1316,"chapter_name":22},2459,"Erario público","erario-publico",260,{"id":1318,"name":1319,"slug":1320,"priority":1321,"chapter_name":22},2460,"Administración tributaria","administracion-tributaria",261,{"id":1323,"name":1324,"slug":1325,"priority":1326,"chapter_name":22},2472,"Impuesto ad valorem","impuesto-ad-valorem",262,{"id":1328,"name":1329,"slug":1330,"priority":1331,"chapter_name":22},2477,"Capital intelectual","capital-intelectual",263,{"id":1333,"name":1334,"slug":1335,"priority":1336,"chapter_name":22},2492,"Valor tiempo del dinero (valor del dinero en el tiempo)","valor-tiempo-del-dinero-valor-del-dinero-en-el-tiempo",264,{"id":1338,"name":1339,"slug":1340,"priority":1341,"chapter_name":22},2527,"Salario menguante","salario-menguante",265,{"id":1343,"name":1344,"slug":1345,"priority":218,"chapter_name":22},2531,"Tasas (sistema tributario)","tasas-sistema-tributario",{"id":1347,"name":1348,"slug":1349,"priority":1350,"chapter_name":22},2545,"Explotación intensiva","explotacion-intensiva",267,{"id":1352,"name":1353,"slug":1354,"priority":1355,"chapter_name":22},2546,"Explotación extensiva","explotacion-extensiva",268,{"id":1357,"name":1358,"slug":1359,"priority":1360,"chapter_name":22},2583,"Deuda amortizable","deuda-amortizable",269,{"id":1362,"name":1363,"slug":1364,"priority":211,"chapter_name":22},2584,"Deuda pública","deuda-publica",{"id":1366,"name":1367,"slug":1368,"priority":1369,"chapter_name":22},2608,"Desarrollo ambiental","desarrollo-ambiental",271,{"id":1371,"name":1372,"slug":1373,"priority":808,"chapter_name":22},2612,"Nivel general de precios","nivel-general-de-precios",{"id":1375,"name":1376,"slug":1377,"priority":1378,"chapter_name":22},2617,"Cuarta revolución industrial (industria 4.0)","cuarta-revolucion-industrial-industria-40",273,{"id":1380,"name":1381,"slug":1382,"priority":1383,"chapter_name":22},2618,"Agroindustria","agroindustria",274,{"id":1385,"name":1386,"slug":1387,"priority":1388,"chapter_name":22},2633,"Cuesta de enero","cuesta-de-enero",275,{"id":1390,"name":1391,"slug":1392,"priority":1393,"chapter_name":22},2639,"Medios de subsistencia","medios-de-subsistencia",276,{"id":1395,"name":1396,"slug":1397,"priority":1398,"chapter_name":22},2677,"Economía política","economia-politica",277,{"id":1400,"name":1401,"slug":1402,"priority":1403,"chapter_name":22},2724,"Trabajo","trabajo",278,{"id":1405,"name":1406,"slug":1407,"priority":1408,"chapter_name":22},2729,"Países subdesarrollados","paises-subdesarrollados",279,{"id":1410,"name":1411,"slug":1412,"priority":1413,"chapter_name":22},2738,"Riesgo de pobreza","riesgo-de-pobreza",280,{"id":1415,"name":1416,"slug":1417,"priority":1418,"chapter_name":22},2749,"Tasa de actividad","tasa-de-actividad",281,{"id":1420,"name":1421,"slug":1422,"priority":1423,"chapter_name":22},2755,"Empleabilidad","empleabilidad",282,{"id":1425,"name":1426,"slug":1427,"priority":1428,"chapter_name":22},2775,"Ganadería caprina (ganado caprino)","ganaderia-caprina-ganado-caprino",283,{"id":1430,"name":1431,"slug":1432,"priority":1433,"chapter_name":22},2787,"Países en vías de desarrollo (países en desarrollo, países de desarrollo intermedio)","paises-en-vias-de-desarrollo-paises-en-desarrollo-paises-de-desarrollo-intermedio",284,{"id":1435,"name":1436,"slug":1437,"priority":1438,"chapter_name":22},2834,"Franquicias aduaneras","franquicias-aduaneras",285,{"id":1440,"name":1441,"slug":1442,"priority":1443,"chapter_name":22},2835,"Suspensiones arancelarias","suspensiones-arancelarias",286,{"id":1445,"name":1446,"slug":1447,"priority":1448,"chapter_name":22},2836,"Contingentes arancelarios (contingentes arancelarios cuantitativos)","contingentes-arancelarios-contingentes-arancelarios-cuantitativos",287,{"id":1450,"name":1451,"slug":1452,"priority":944,"chapter_name":22},2849,"Libre comercio","libre-comercio",{"id":1454,"name":1455,"slug":1456,"priority":1457,"chapter_name":22},2885,"Ánimo de lucro","animo-de-lucro",289,{"id":1459,"name":1460,"slug":1461,"priority":1462,"chapter_name":22},2888,"Demanda equivalencial (gasto equivalencial, consumo equivalencial)","demanda-equivalencial-gasto-equivalencial-consumo-equivalencial",290,{"id":1464,"name":1465,"slug":1466,"priority":1467,"chapter_name":22},2889,"Función de demanda marshalliana","funcion-de-demanda-marshalliana",291,{"id":1469,"name":1470,"slug":1471,"priority":510,"chapter_name":22},2905,"Inflación de costes","inflacion-de-costes",{"id":1473,"name":1474,"slug":1475,"priority":1476,"chapter_name":22},2916,"Tasa de interés","tasa-de-interes",293,{"id":1478,"name":1479,"slug":1480,"priority":605,"chapter_name":22},2940,"Variables económicas","variables-economicas",{"id":1482,"name":1483,"slug":1484,"priority":1485,"chapter_name":22},2992,"Racionamiento","racionamiento",295,{"id":1487,"name":1488,"slug":1489,"priority":1490,"chapter_name":22},3030,"Políticas fiscales discrecionales","politicas-fiscales-discrecionales",296,{"id":1492,"name":1493,"slug":1494,"priority":1495,"chapter_name":22},3053,"Industrialización","industrializacion",297,{"id":1497,"name":1498,"slug":1499,"priority":1500,"chapter_name":22},3067,"Economía de la innovación","economia-de-la-innovacion",298,{"id":1502,"name":1503,"slug":1504,"priority":1505,"chapter_name":22},3101,"Dinero en efectivo","dinero-en-efectivo",299,{"id":1507,"name":1508,"slug":1509,"priority":1510,"chapter_name":22},3104,"Dinero electrónico","dinero-electronico",300,{"id":1512,"name":1513,"slug":1514,"priority":1515,"chapter_name":22},3111,"Diversidad económica","diversidad-economica",301,{"id":1517,"name":1518,"slug":1519,"priority":1520,"chapter_name":22},3116,"Reproducción capitalista ampliada (reproducción ampliada)","reproduccion-capitalista-ampliada-reproduccion-ampliada",302,{"id":1522,"name":1523,"slug":1524,"priority":1525,"chapter_name":22},3120,"Toma de decisiones","toma-de-decisiones",303,{"id":1527,"name":1528,"slug":1529,"priority":1530,"chapter_name":22},3128,"Economía sumergida","economia-sumergida",304,{"id":1532,"name":1533,"slug":1534,"priority":1535,"chapter_name":22},3131,"Esfera de la producción (esfera productiva)","esfera-de-la-produccion-esfera-productiva",305,{"id":1537,"name":1538,"slug":1539,"priority":1540,"chapter_name":22},3149,"Factores económicos","factores-economicos",306,{"id":1542,"name":1543,"slug":1544,"priority":1545,"chapter_name":22},3156,"Tecnologías emergentes (nuevas tecnologías)","tecnologias-emergentes-nuevas-tecnologias",307,{"id":1547,"name":1548,"slug":1549,"priority":1550,"chapter_name":22},3182,"Presión fiscal","presion-fiscal",308,{"id":1552,"name":1553,"slug":1554,"priority":1555,"chapter_name":22},3192,"Régimen tributario (ordenamiento fiscal)","regimen-tributario-ordenamiento-fiscal",309,{"id":1557,"name":1255,"slug":1558,"priority":1559,"chapter_name":22},3253,"economia-de-mercado-FiP",310,{"id":1561,"name":1562,"slug":1563,"priority":1564,"chapter_name":22},3262,"Bien de consumo","bien-de-consumo",311,{"id":1566,"name":1567,"slug":1568,"priority":1569,"chapter_name":22},3271,"Trabajo formal","trabajo-formal",312,{"id":1571,"name":1572,"slug":1573,"priority":1574,"chapter_name":22},3288,"Economía campesina","economia-campesina",313,{"id":1576,"name":1577,"slug":1578,"priority":1579,"chapter_name":22},3289,"Impacto económico","impacto-economico",314,{"id":56,"name":57,"slug":58,"priority":1581,"chapter_name":22},315,{"id":1583,"name":1584,"slug":1585,"priority":1586,"chapter_name":22},3360,"Funciones de utilidad","funciones-de-utilidad",316,{"id":1588,"name":1589,"slug":1590,"priority":1591,"chapter_name":22},3374,"Situación laboral","situacion-laboral",317,{"id":1593,"name":1594,"slug":1595,"priority":1596,"chapter_name":22},3378,"Divisas","divisas",318,{"id":1598,"name":1599,"slug":1600,"priority":916,"chapter_name":22},3380,"Pesca","pesca",{"id":1602,"name":1603,"slug":1604,"priority":1605,"chapter_name":22},3392,"Eficiencia","eficiencia",320,{"id":1607,"name":1608,"slug":1609,"priority":483,"chapter_name":22},3415,"Macromagnitudes económicas","macromagnitudes-economicas",{"id":1611,"name":80,"slug":1612,"priority":1613,"chapter_name":22},3426,"activos-de-reserva-YhN",322,{"id":1615,"name":1616,"slug":1617,"priority":684,"chapter_name":22},3441,"Numerario (dinero)","numerario-dinero",{"id":1619,"name":1620,"slug":1621,"priority":36,"chapter_name":22},3447,"Satisfactor","satisfactor",{"id":1623,"name":1624,"slug":1625,"priority":1626,"chapter_name":22},3476,"Deuda ecológica","deuda-ecologica",325,{"id":1628,"name":1629,"slug":1630,"priority":1631,"chapter_name":22},3508,"Factores legales","factores-legales",326,{"id":1633,"name":1634,"slug":1635,"priority":400,"chapter_name":22},3535,"Sistema económico","sistema-economico",{"id":1637,"name":1638,"slug":1639,"priority":1640,"chapter_name":22},3568,"Ciclos Juglar","ciclos-juglar",328,{"id":1642,"name":1643,"slug":1644,"priority":1645,"chapter_name":22},3644,"Pensiones contributivas","pensiones-contributivas",329,{"id":1647,"name":1648,"slug":1649,"priority":1650,"chapter_name":22},3687,"Pobreza estructural","pobreza-estructural",330,{"id":1652,"name":1653,"slug":1654,"priority":1655,"chapter_name":22},3689,"Economía artificial","economia-artificial",331,{"id":1657,"name":1658,"slug":1659,"priority":1660,"chapter_name":22},3701,"Turismo comunitario","turismo-comunitario",332,{"id":1662,"name":1663,"slug":1664,"priority":822,"chapter_name":22},3720,"División técnica del trabajo","division-tecnica-del-trabajo",{"id":1666,"name":1667,"slug":1668,"priority":827,"chapter_name":22},3728,"Tipo de interés real","tipo-de-interes-real",{"id":1670,"name":1671,"slug":1672,"priority":1673,"chapter_name":22},3756,"Obsolescencia programada","obsolescencia-programada",335,{"id":1675,"name":1676,"slug":1677,"priority":1678,"chapter_name":22},3773,"Globalización tecnológica","globalizacion-tecnologica",336,{"id":1680,"name":1681,"slug":1682,"priority":1683,"chapter_name":22},3776,"Precio de garantía","precio-de-garantia",337,{"id":1685,"name":1686,"slug":1687,"priority":1688,"chapter_name":22},3820,"Pobreza severa","pobreza-severa",338,{"id":1690,"name":1691,"slug":1692,"priority":109,"chapter_name":22},3824,"Puerto franco","puerto-franco",{"id":1694,"name":1695,"slug":1696,"priority":1697,"chapter_name":22},3832,"Sistema tributario (sistema fiscal, sistema impositivo)","sistema-tributario-sistema-fiscal-sistema-impositivo",340,{"id":1699,"name":1700,"slug":1701,"priority":1702,"chapter_name":22},3839,"Renta familiar (ingreso familiar)","renta-familiar-ingreso-familiar",341,{"id":1704,"name":1705,"slug":1706,"priority":1707,"chapter_name":22},3840,"Tasa de ahorro","tasa-de-ahorro",342,{"id":1709,"name":1710,"slug":1711,"priority":1712,"chapter_name":22},3851,"Crecimiento económico","crecimiento-economico",343,{"id":1714,"name":1715,"slug":1716,"priority":1717,"chapter_name":22},3863,"Valor monetario esperado","valor-monetario-esperado",344,{"id":1719,"name":1720,"slug":1721,"priority":1722,"chapter_name":22},3870,"Econometría","econometria",345,{"id":1724,"name":1725,"slug":1726,"priority":1727,"chapter_name":22},3876,"Ordenación contingente","ordenacion-contingente",346,{"id":1729,"name":1730,"slug":1731,"priority":1732,"chapter_name":22},3889,"Exceso de demanda (demanda insatisfecha)","exceso-de-demanda-demanda-insatisfecha",347,{"id":1734,"name":1735,"slug":1736,"priority":1737,"chapter_name":22},3922,"Bienes de consumo habitual (bienes de uso cotidiano, bienes de conveniencia, bienes de consumo de alta rotación)","bienes-de-consumo-habitual-bienes-de-uso-cotidiano-bienes-de-conveniencia-bienes-de-consumo-de-alta-rotacion",348,{"id":1739,"name":1740,"slug":1741,"priority":1742,"chapter_name":22},3944,"Intercambio desigual","intercambio-desigual",349,{"id":1744,"name":1745,"slug":1746,"priority":1747,"chapter_name":22},3945,"Términos de intercambio","terminos-de-intercambio",350,{"id":1749,"name":1750,"slug":1751,"priority":1752,"chapter_name":22},3973,"Primer mundo","primer-mundo",351,{"id":1754,"name":1755,"slug":1756,"priority":1757,"chapter_name":22},3984,"Minifundio empresarial","minifundio-empresarial",352,{"id":1759,"name":1760,"slug":1761,"priority":1762,"chapter_name":22},3989,"Estado del bienestar","estado-del-bienestar",353,{"id":1764,"name":1765,"slug":1766,"priority":1767,"chapter_name":22},4014,"Escasez económica (recursos escasos)","escasez-economica-recursos-escasos",354,{"id":1769,"name":1770,"slug":1771,"priority":1772,"chapter_name":22},4016,"Economía normativa","economia-normativa",355,{"id":5,"name":8,"slug":9,"priority":11,"chapter_name":22},{"id":1775,"name":1776,"slug":617,"priority":1777,"chapter_name":22},4071,"Investigacion  aplicada",357,{"id":1779,"name":1780,"slug":1781,"priority":1777,"chapter_name":22},4080,"Neoproteccionismo","neoproteccionismo",{"id":1783,"name":1784,"slug":1785,"priority":1786,"chapter_name":22},4091,"Tecnología (factor de producción)","tecnologia-factor-de-produccion",358,{"id":1788,"name":1789,"slug":1790,"priority":1791,"chapter_name":22},4096,"Sector primario","sector-primario",359,{"id":1793,"name":1794,"slug":1795,"priority":1796,"chapter_name":22},4097,"Sector secundario (sector industrial, sector de transformación)","sector-secundario-sector-industrial-sector-de-transformacion",360,{"id":1798,"name":1799,"slug":1800,"priority":1801,"chapter_name":22},4103,"Medios de producción","medios-de-produccion",361,{"id":1803,"name":1804,"slug":1805,"priority":1806,"chapter_name":22},4122,"Economía globalizada","economia-globalizada",362,{"id":1808,"name":1809,"slug":1810,"priority":1811,"chapter_name":22},4151,"Captación de divisas","captacion-de-divisas",363,[1813],{"id":87,"name":1814,"slug":1815,"description":20,"created_by":15,"updated_by":15,"created_at":1816,"updated_at":1817,"owned_by":15,"pivot":1818},"Economía","economia","2023-05-07T09:14:50.000000Z","2023-05-07T17:17:41.000000Z",{"book_id":6,"bookshelf_id":87},[],[],{"question":20,"name":20,"email":20,"page_id":5},{"responsive":1823,"maintainAspectRatio":19},true,"https://www.amazon.es/hz/audible/mlp/mdp/discovery?actionCode=AMSTM1450129210001&tag=ikusmiraorg-21",1774088583312]