[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":1815},["Reactive",2],{"options:asyncdata:$ogpPUTwkW6:/p/medios-de-produccion:0":3},{"page":4,"book":26,"news":1809,"questionSent":19,"questions":1810,"formData":1811,"attachments":23,"chartData":23,"pending":19,"chartOptions":1812,"afspec":19,"aflink":1814},{"id":5,"book_id":6,"chapter_id":7,"name":8,"slug":9,"html":10,"priority":11,"created_at":12,"updated_at":13,"created_by":14,"updated_by":18,"draft":19,"markdown":20,"revision_count":21,"template":19,"owned_by":22,"editor":20,"trends":23,"raw_html":24,"tags":25},4103,9,0,"Medios de producción","medios-de-produccion","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-citados-y-desarrolla\">Citados y desarrollados teóricamente sobre todo desde la teoría marxista, los \u003Cstrong>medios de producción\u003C/strong> son todos los recursos físicos destinados a la producción de bienes y servicios. Coinciden con los \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/factores-de-produccion\">factores de producción\u003C/a>\u003C/strong> clásicos, tierra, trabajo y capital, excluyendo el trabajo o mano de obra. Los medios de producción son un concepto fundamental en el marxismo en tanto en cuanto la división entre clase capitalista y \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/proletariado\">proletariado\u003C/a>\u003C/strong> se basa precisamente en la propiedad de dichos medios, siendo los capitalistas los que detentan dicha propiedad y el proletariado los que despojados de medios de producción únicamente poseen su fuerza de trabajo para ser vendida a los capitalistas. \u003C/p>",361,"2026-03-11T16:24:54.000000Z","2026-03-11T16:36:18.000000Z",{"id":15,"name":16,"slug":17},1,"Admin","admin",{"id":15,"name":16,"slug":17},false,"",2,{"id":15,"name":16,"slug":17},null,"\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-citados-y-desarrolla\">Citados y desarrollados teóricamente sobre todo desde la teoría marxista, los \u003Cstrong>medios de producción\u003C/strong> son todos los recursos físicos destinados a la producción de bienes y servicios. Coinciden con los \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/factores-de-produccion\">factores de producción\u003C/a>\u003C/strong> clásicos, tierra, trabajo y capital, excluyendo el trabajo o mano de obra. Los medios de producción son un concepto fundamental en el marxismo en tanto en cuanto la división entre clase capitalista y \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/proletariado\">proletariado\u003C/a>\u003C/strong> se basa precisamente en la propiedad de dichos medios, siendo los capitalistas los que detentan dicha propiedad y el proletariado los que despojados de medios de producción únicamente poseen su fuerza de trabajo para ser vendida a los capitalistas. \u003C/p>",[],{"id":6,"name":27,"slug":28,"description":20,"created_at":29,"updated_at":29,"created_by":15,"updated_by":15,"owned_by":15,"default_template_id":23,"pages":30,"index":61,"shelves":1802},"Economía general","economia-general","2023-05-07T11:50:42.000000Z",[31,36,41,46,51,56],{"id":32,"name":33,"slug":34,"html":35},939,"Libre mercado","libre-mercado","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-el-libre-mercado%2C-ta\">El \u003Cstrong>libre mercado\u003C/strong>, también denominado \u003Cstrong>libre competencia o libre concurrencia\u003C/strong>, es la estructura económica en la que los precios de los productos y servicios se establecen a través de la demanda y la oferta, sin intervención directa del Estado. Está en la base de las llamadas economías de mercado y es el principio fundamental del \u003Cstrong>liberalismo económico\u003C/strong>. Según algunos, los mercados libres deben incluir también la garantía de la propiedad privada, las actividades económicas sin barreras de entrada y salida, el bajo o nulo poder de mercado de las empresas, el libre flujo de capitales y la información perfecta. En base a esos p rincipios, la estructura de mercado ideal en la que se basa el libre mercado es la competencia perfecta.\u003C/p>",{"id":37,"name":38,"slug":39,"html":40},2039,"Consumo productivo","consumo-productivo","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-el-consumo-productiv\">El \u003Cstrong>consumo productivo\u003C/strong> es el consumo de materiales y medios que se utiliza para la producción de bienes y servicios y por tanto no se destinan al consumo final de familias. Dentro del consumo productivo, se incluyen las materias primas, los productos intermedios y el consumo y amortización de los bienes de equipo utilizados en el proceso productivo. \u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-%C2%A0\"> \u003C/p>",{"id":42,"name":43,"slug":44,"html":45},475,"Dependencia tecnológica","dependencia-tecnologica","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-la-dependencia-tecno\">La \u003Cstrong>dependencia tecnológica\u003C/strong> es la situación, generalmente duradera, en la que una empresa, sector o economía de un país carece por sí sola del \u003Cem>know-how\u003C/em> o saber hacer de cierta tecnología, especialmente tecnología puntera o avanzada, en una determinada actividad o sector económico y depende o debe recurrir a terceros para la adquisición, desarrollo e implementación de dicha tecnología. La solución para superar la dependencia tecnológica pasa por incrementar los esfuerzos en investigación y desarrollo y acordar programas de transferencia y desarrollo tecnológicos con los agentes que la poseen y desarrollan de forma eficiente e innovadora.\u003C/p>",{"id":47,"name":48,"slug":49,"html":50},1310,"Recursos económicos","recursos-economicos","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-los-recursos-econ%C3%B3mi\">Los \u003Cstrong>recursos económicos\u003C/strong> son los medios, elementos y factores que se necesitan, explotan y utilizan para el desarrollo de actividades económicas y la satisfacción de necesidades. Una característica fundamental de los recursos económicos es su escasez, de modo que su extracción, obtención y utilización conlleva siempre un coste.\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-en-el-ambito-de-la-p\">En el ambito de la producción pueden considerarse equivalentes a los factores de producción, por lo que se distinguirían los siguientes tipos de recursos: \u003Cstrong>tierra, trabajo, capital\u003C/strong> y \u003Cstrong>tecnología\u003C/strong>. Por otro lado, cuando se consumen directamente para la satisfacción de necesidades, se denominan \u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/productos-y-servicios-bienes-y-servicios\">\u003Cstrong>bienes y servicios\u003C/strong>\u003C/a>.\u003C/p>",{"id":52,"name":53,"slug":54,"html":55},870,"Profesiones liberales (profesionales liberales)","profesiones-liberales-profesionales-liberales","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-las-profesiones-libe\">Las \u003Cstrong>profesiones liberales\u003C/strong> son \u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/profesiones\">\u003Cstrong>profesiones\u003C/strong>\u003C/a> que exigen capacidades y conocimientos intelectuales y técnicos de alto nivel, donde en lugar de una relación laboral se establece una relación de prestación de servicios, en la que como contraprestación o \u003Cstrong>remuneración\u003C/strong> el profesional recibirá no un sueldo, sino unos honorarios. Es habitual que los \u003Cstrong>profesionales liberales\u003C/strong> se unan en colegios profesionales, con el objetivo de regular el ejercicio de la profesión y en los que se establecen tarifas estándar para los diferentes servicios. Son ejemplos de profesiones liberales los arquitectos, abogados, periodistas y artistas, entre otros.\u003C/p>",{"id":57,"name":58,"slug":59,"html":60},4071,"Investigacion  aplicada","investigacion-aplicada","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-a\">a\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-%C2%A0\"> \u003C/p>",{"":62},[63,67,70,74,78,83,88,93,98,103,108,112,117,122,126,131,136,141,146,151,156,161,166,170,175,180,185,190,195,200,205,210,215,220,225,230,235,240,245,250,255,260,265,270,275,280,285,289,294,299,304,309,314,319,324,329,334,339,344,349,354,358,363,368,373,378,383,385,390,394,399,404,408,412,416,420,425,430,435,440,444,449,454,459,464,468,472,477,482,487,492,497,502,507,512,517,522,527,532,537,542,547,552,557,562,567,572,577,582,587,592,597,602,607,612,617,621,626,631,636,641,646,648,653,658,663,668,672,677,682,687,692,697,702,707,712,717,722,726,731,736,741,746,751,756,761,766,771,776,781,786,791,796,801,806,811,812,817,822,827,831,836,838,843,847,852,857,862,866,871,876,881,886,891,896,901,906,911,916,921,924,929,934,939,944,949,953,958,963,968,973,978,983,988,993,997,1002,1006,1011,1016,1021,1026,1031,1036,1041,1046,1051,1055,1060,1065,1070,1075,1080,1084,1088,1093,1098,1103,1108,1113,1118,1123,1128,1133,1138,1143,1148,1153,1158,1163,1168,1173,1178,1183,1188,1190,1195,1199,1204,1208,1212,1217,1222,1227,1232,1237,1242,1247,1252,1256,1261,1266,1271,1276,1281,1286,1291,1296,1301,1306,1311,1316,1321,1326,1331,1336,1341,1345,1350,1355,1360,1364,1369,1373,1378,1383,1388,1393,1398,1403,1408,1413,1418,1423,1428,1433,1438,1443,1448,1452,1457,1462,1467,1471,1476,1480,1485,1490,1495,1500,1505,1510,1515,1520,1525,1530,1535,1540,1545,1550,1555,1559,1564,1569,1574,1579,1584,1589,1594,1599,1603,1608,1612,1616,1620,1624,1629,1634,1638,1643,1648,1653,1658,1663,1667,1671,1676,1681,1686,1691,1695,1700,1705,1710,1715,1720,1725,1730,1735,1740,1745,1750,1755,1760,1765,1770,1775,1780,1782,1786,1791,1796,1801],{"id":64,"name":65,"slug":66,"priority":7,"chapter_name":23},566,"Actividad económica","actividad-economica",{"id":68,"name":69,"slug":20,"priority":7,"chapter_name":23},3974,"Sistema capitalista",{"id":71,"name":72,"slug":73,"priority":15,"chapter_name":23},665,"Actividad industrial","actividad-industrial",{"id":75,"name":76,"slug":77,"priority":21,"chapter_name":23},1272,"Activo especulativo","activo-especulativo",{"id":79,"name":80,"slug":81,"priority":82,"chapter_name":23},517,"Activos de reserva","activos-de-reserva",3,{"id":84,"name":85,"slug":86,"priority":87,"chapter_name":23},1211,"Activos digitales","activos-digitales",4,{"id":89,"name":90,"slug":91,"priority":92,"chapter_name":23},519,"Activos logísticos","activos-logisticos",5,{"id":94,"name":95,"slug":96,"priority":97,"chapter_name":23},567,"Actos económicos","actos-economicos",6,{"id":99,"name":100,"slug":101,"priority":102,"chapter_name":23},621,"Agentes económicos","agentes-economicos",7,{"id":104,"name":105,"slug":106,"priority":107,"chapter_name":23},1592,"Alza salarial","alza-salarial",8,{"id":109,"name":110,"slug":111,"priority":6,"chapter_name":23},339,"Amortización directa y amortización indirecta","amortizacion-directa-y-amortizacion-indirecta",{"id":113,"name":114,"slug":115,"priority":116,"chapter_name":23},729,"Ampliación de la base tributaria","ampliacion-de-la-base-tributaria",10,{"id":118,"name":119,"slug":120,"priority":121,"chapter_name":23},1443,"Aperturismo económico","aperturismo-economico",11,{"id":123,"name":124,"slug":125,"priority":123,"chapter_name":23},12,"Autarquía","autarquia",{"id":127,"name":128,"slug":129,"priority":130,"chapter_name":23},524,"Autoempleo","autoempleo",13,{"id":132,"name":133,"slug":134,"priority":135,"chapter_name":23},1432,"Balance competitivo","balance-competitivo",14,{"id":137,"name":138,"slug":139,"priority":140,"chapter_name":23},710,"Balanza de servicios","balanza-de-servicios",15,{"id":142,"name":143,"slug":144,"priority":145,"chapter_name":23},182,"Banca en la sombra (bancos paralelos)","banca-en-la-sombra-bancos-paralelos",16,{"id":147,"name":148,"slug":149,"priority":150,"chapter_name":23},638,"Barómetro económico","barometro-economico",17,{"id":152,"name":153,"slug":154,"priority":155,"chapter_name":23},448,"Bienes (definición general)","bienes-definicion-general",18,{"id":157,"name":158,"slug":159,"priority":160,"chapter_name":23},630,"Bienes de capital y bienes de consumo","bienes-de-capital-y-bienes-de-consumo",19,{"id":162,"name":163,"slug":164,"priority":165,"chapter_name":23},576,"Bienes económicos","bienes-economicos",20,{"id":167,"name":168,"slug":169,"priority":165,"chapter_name":23},1834,"Digitalización","digitalizacion",{"id":171,"name":172,"slug":173,"priority":174,"chapter_name":23},749,"Bonos sindicados","bonos-sindicados",21,{"id":176,"name":177,"slug":178,"priority":179,"chapter_name":23},518,"Boom del ladrillo","boom-del-ladrillo",22,{"id":181,"name":182,"slug":183,"priority":184,"chapter_name":23},176,"Boom turístico (boom del turismo)","boom-turistico-boom-del-turismo",23,{"id":186,"name":187,"slug":188,"priority":189,"chapter_name":23},1273,"Burbuja crediticia","burbuja-crediticia",24,{"id":191,"name":192,"slug":193,"priority":194,"chapter_name":23},1322,"Burbuja financiera","burbuja-financiera",25,{"id":196,"name":197,"slug":198,"priority":199,"chapter_name":23},515,"Burbuja tecnológica","burbuja-tecnologica",26,{"id":201,"name":202,"slug":203,"priority":204,"chapter_name":23},642,"Capital comercial","capital-comercial",27,{"id":206,"name":207,"slug":208,"priority":209,"chapter_name":23},1067,"Capital especulativo","capital-especulativo",28,{"id":211,"name":212,"slug":213,"priority":214,"chapter_name":23},270,"Capital especulativo parasitario","capital-especulativo-parasitario",29,{"id":216,"name":217,"slug":218,"priority":219,"chapter_name":23},1269,"Capital extranjero","capital-extranjero",30,{"id":221,"name":222,"slug":223,"priority":224,"chapter_name":23},266,"Capital ficticio","capital-ficticio",31,{"id":226,"name":227,"slug":228,"priority":229,"chapter_name":23},1036,"Capital fijo (capital permanente)","capital-fijo-capital-permanente",32,{"id":231,"name":232,"slug":233,"priority":234,"chapter_name":23},431,"Capital financiero","capital-financiero",33,{"id":236,"name":237,"slug":238,"priority":239,"chapter_name":23},614,"Capital humano","capital-humano",34,{"id":241,"name":242,"slug":243,"priority":244,"chapter_name":23},1110,"Capital industrial","capital-industrial",35,{"id":246,"name":247,"slug":248,"priority":249,"chapter_name":23},1583,"Capital intangible","capital-intangible",36,{"id":251,"name":252,"slug":253,"priority":254,"chapter_name":23},772,"Capital lucrativo","capital-lucrativo",37,{"id":256,"name":257,"slug":258,"priority":259,"chapter_name":23},752,"Capital productivo","capital-productivo",38,{"id":261,"name":262,"slug":263,"priority":264,"chapter_name":23},679,"Capital usurario","capital-usurario",39,{"id":266,"name":267,"slug":268,"priority":269,"chapter_name":23},867,"Capitales golondrina (capitales golondrino)","capitales-golondrina-capitales-golondrino",40,{"id":271,"name":272,"slug":273,"priority":274,"chapter_name":23},1152,"Capitalismo financiero","capitalismo-financiero",41,{"id":276,"name":277,"slug":278,"priority":279,"chapter_name":23},1130,"Capitalismo monopolista","capitalismo-monopolista",42,{"id":281,"name":282,"slug":283,"priority":284,"chapter_name":23},936,"Pecuniario","pecuniario",43,{"id":286,"name":287,"slug":288,"priority":284,"chapter_name":23},1163,"Clasificación sectorial (clasificación de actividades)","clasificacion-sectorial-clasificacion-de-actividades",{"id":290,"name":291,"slug":292,"priority":293,"chapter_name":23},164,"Comerciantes","comerciantes",44,{"id":295,"name":296,"slug":297,"priority":298,"chapter_name":23},210,"Comercio de compensación","comercio-de-compensacion",45,{"id":300,"name":301,"slug":302,"priority":303,"chapter_name":23},376,"Concentración sectorial","concentracion-sectorial",46,{"id":305,"name":306,"slug":307,"priority":308,"chapter_name":23},896,"Congelación salarial (congelación de salarios)","congelacion-salarial-congelacion-de-salarios",47,{"id":310,"name":311,"slug":312,"priority":313,"chapter_name":23},728,"Consolidación fiscal","consolidacion-fiscal",48,{"id":315,"name":316,"slug":317,"priority":318,"chapter_name":23},1398,"Consumo autónomo","consumo-autonomo",49,{"id":320,"name":321,"slug":322,"priority":323,"chapter_name":23},1182,"Consumo inducido (consumo dependiente)","consumo-inducido-consumo-dependiente",50,{"id":325,"name":326,"slug":327,"priority":328,"chapter_name":23},944,"Consumo privado (demanda privada)","consumo-privado-demanda-privada",51,{"id":330,"name":331,"slug":332,"priority":333,"chapter_name":23},619,"Costes laborales","costes-laborales",52,{"id":335,"name":336,"slug":337,"priority":338,"chapter_name":23},705,"Coyuntura económica","coyuntura-economica",53,{"id":340,"name":341,"slug":342,"priority":343,"chapter_name":23},1412,"Crecimiento sostenido","crecimiento-sostenido",54,{"id":345,"name":346,"slug":347,"priority":348,"chapter_name":23},1257,"Crisis de sobreproducción (crisis de superproducción)","crisis-de-sobreproduccion-crisis-de-superproduccion",55,{"id":350,"name":351,"slug":352,"priority":353,"chapter_name":23},667,"Crisis de subproducción","crisis-de-subproduccion",56,{"id":204,"name":355,"slug":356,"priority":357,"chapter_name":23},"Cuenta bancaria","cuenta-bancaria",57,{"id":359,"name":360,"slug":361,"priority":362,"chapter_name":23},377,"Decrecentismo","decrecentismo",58,{"id":364,"name":365,"slug":366,"priority":367,"chapter_name":23},1348,"Deflactación del IRPF","deflactacion-del-irpf",59,{"id":369,"name":370,"slug":371,"priority":372,"chapter_name":23},1291,"Demanda derivada","demanda-derivada",60,{"id":374,"name":375,"slug":376,"priority":377,"chapter_name":23},403,"Demanda turística","demanda-turistica",61,{"id":379,"name":380,"slug":381,"priority":382,"chapter_name":23},1434,"Dependencia energética","dependencia-energetica",62,{"id":42,"name":43,"slug":44,"priority":384,"chapter_name":23},63,{"id":386,"name":387,"slug":388,"priority":389,"chapter_name":23},866,"Depósito a la vista","deposito-a-la-vista",64,{"id":145,"name":391,"slug":392,"priority":393,"chapter_name":23},"Derrama económica","derrama-economica",65,{"id":395,"name":396,"slug":397,"priority":398,"chapter_name":23},152,"Desarrollismo","desarrollismo",66,{"id":400,"name":401,"slug":402,"priority":403,"chapter_name":23},327,"Destrucción de demanda","destruccion-de-demanda",67,{"id":174,"name":405,"slug":406,"priority":407,"chapter_name":23},"Dinero bancario","dinero-bancario",68,{"id":214,"name":409,"slug":410,"priority":411,"chapter_name":23},"Dinero fiat","dinero-fiat",69,{"id":209,"name":413,"slug":414,"priority":415,"chapter_name":23},"Dinero fiduciario","dinero-fiduciario",70,{"id":184,"name":417,"slug":418,"priority":419,"chapter_name":23},"Dinero legal (dinero de curso legal)","dinero-legal-dinero-de-curso-legal",71,{"id":421,"name":422,"slug":423,"priority":424,"chapter_name":23},891,"Ecoeficiencia","ecoeficiencia",72,{"id":426,"name":427,"slug":428,"priority":429,"chapter_name":23},1441,"Economía de guerra","economia-de-guerra",73,{"id":431,"name":432,"slug":433,"priority":434,"chapter_name":23},375,"Economía informal","economia-informal",74,{"id":436,"name":437,"slug":438,"priority":439,"chapter_name":23},1138,"Economía social de mercado","economia-social-de-mercado",75,{"id":189,"name":441,"slug":442,"priority":443,"chapter_name":23},"Efectivo (dinero en circulación)","efectivo-dinero-en-circulacion",76,{"id":445,"name":446,"slug":447,"priority":448,"chapter_name":23},661,"Efectos de primera ronda","efectos-de-primera-ronda",77,{"id":450,"name":451,"slug":452,"priority":453,"chapter_name":23},378,"Efectos de segunda ronda","efectos-de-segunda-ronda",78,{"id":455,"name":456,"slug":457,"priority":458,"chapter_name":23},193,"Elementos patrimoniales","elementos-patrimoniales",79,{"id":460,"name":461,"slug":462,"priority":463,"chapter_name":23},1292,"Empleo formal y empleo informal","empleo-formal-y-empleo-informal",80,{"id":458,"name":465,"slug":466,"priority":467,"chapter_name":23},"Empresas locales","empresas-locales",81,{"id":453,"name":469,"slug":470,"priority":471,"chapter_name":23},"Empresas públicas","empresas-publicas",82,{"id":473,"name":474,"slug":475,"priority":476,"chapter_name":23},1274,"Endeudamiento masivo","endeudamiento-masivo",83,{"id":478,"name":479,"slug":480,"priority":481,"chapter_name":23},1489,"Energía de transición","energia-de-transicion",84,{"id":483,"name":484,"slug":485,"priority":486,"chapter_name":23},321,"Entorno macroeconómico","entorno-macroeconomico",85,{"id":488,"name":489,"slug":490,"priority":491,"chapter_name":23},516,"Equiparación salarial","equiparacion-salarial",86,{"id":493,"name":494,"slug":495,"priority":496,"chapter_name":23},1127,"Escudo tarifario","escudo-tarifario",87,{"id":498,"name":499,"slug":500,"priority":501,"chapter_name":23},1335,"Estabilidad laboral","estabilidad-laboral",88,{"id":503,"name":504,"slug":505,"priority":506,"chapter_name":23},324,"Estabilidad macroeconómica","estabilidad-macroeconomica",89,{"id":508,"name":509,"slug":510,"priority":511,"chapter_name":23},920,"Estructura económica","estructura-economica",90,{"id":513,"name":514,"slug":515,"priority":516,"chapter_name":23},292,"Externalización","externalizacion",91,{"id":518,"name":519,"slug":520,"priority":521,"chapter_name":23},1181,"Fiscalidad verde","fiscalidad-verde",92,{"id":523,"name":524,"slug":525,"priority":526,"chapter_name":23},564,"Fuerza de trabajo","fuerza-de-trabajo",93,{"id":528,"name":529,"slug":530,"priority":531,"chapter_name":23},565,"Fuerza laboral","fuerza-laboral",94,{"id":533,"name":534,"slug":535,"priority":536,"chapter_name":23},1105,"Gasto público (gasto del gobierno)","gasto-publico-gasto-del-gobierno",95,{"id":538,"name":539,"slug":540,"priority":541,"chapter_name":23},123,"Hechos económicos (fenómenos económicos)","hechos-economicos-fenomenos-economicos",96,{"id":543,"name":544,"slug":545,"priority":546,"chapter_name":23},1214,"Igualdad económica","igualdad-economica",97,{"id":548,"name":549,"slug":550,"priority":551,"chapter_name":23},982,"Impuestos (definición)","impuestos-definicion",98,{"id":553,"name":554,"slug":555,"priority":556,"chapter_name":23},1142,"Incorporación al mercado de trabajo","incorporacion-al-mercado-de-trabajo",99,{"id":558,"name":559,"slug":560,"priority":561,"chapter_name":23},1585,"Industria madura","industria-madura",100,{"id":563,"name":564,"slug":565,"priority":566,"chapter_name":23},1352,"Industrialismo","industrialismo",101,{"id":568,"name":569,"slug":570,"priority":571,"chapter_name":23},450,"Inflación de demanda e inflación de oferta","inflacion-de-demanda-e-inflacion-de-oferta",102,{"id":573,"name":574,"slug":575,"priority":576,"chapter_name":23},1601,"Inflación residual","inflacion-residual",103,{"id":578,"name":579,"slug":580,"priority":581,"chapter_name":23},1600,"Inflación subyacente","inflacion-subyacente",104,{"id":583,"name":584,"slug":585,"priority":586,"chapter_name":23},834,"Infrafinanciación","infrafinanciacion",105,{"id":588,"name":589,"slug":590,"priority":591,"chapter_name":23},1571,"Ingresos pasivos (rentas pasivas)","ingresos-pasivos-rentas-pasivas",106,{"id":593,"name":594,"slug":595,"priority":596,"chapter_name":23},237,"Intercambios comerciales (transacciones comerciales)","intercambios-comerciales-transacciones-comerciales",107,{"id":598,"name":599,"slug":600,"priority":601,"chapter_name":23},828,"Intereses (finanzas)","intereses-finanzas",108,{"id":603,"name":604,"slug":605,"priority":606,"chapter_name":23},1331,"Intereses económicos","intereses-economicos",109,{"id":608,"name":609,"slug":610,"priority":611,"chapter_name":23},294,"Internalización (finanzas)","internalizacion-finanzas",110,{"id":613,"name":614,"slug":615,"priority":616,"chapter_name":23},1124,"Inversión productiva","inversion-productiva",111,{"id":618,"name":619,"slug":59,"priority":620,"chapter_name":23},1262,"Investigación aplicada",112,{"id":622,"name":623,"slug":624,"priority":625,"chapter_name":23},868,"Lagunas de cotización","lagunas-de-cotizacion",113,{"id":627,"name":628,"slug":629,"priority":630,"chapter_name":23},938,"Liberalismo económico","liberalismo-economico",114,{"id":632,"name":633,"slug":634,"priority":635,"chapter_name":23},1076,"Liberalización (mercado, sector económico)","liberalizacion-mercado-sector-economico",115,{"id":637,"name":638,"slug":639,"priority":640,"chapter_name":23},1077,"Liberalización (nivel de economía)","liberalizacion-nivel-de-economia",116,{"id":642,"name":643,"slug":644,"priority":645,"chapter_name":23},770,"Libertad económica","libertad-economica",117,{"id":32,"name":33,"slug":34,"priority":647,"chapter_name":23},118,{"id":649,"name":650,"slug":651,"priority":652,"chapter_name":23},1473,"Logistización","logistizacion",119,{"id":654,"name":655,"slug":656,"priority":657,"chapter_name":23},402,"Mercado de origen","mercado-de-origen",120,{"id":659,"name":660,"slug":661,"priority":662,"chapter_name":23},1369,"Mercados financieros","mercados-financieros",121,{"id":664,"name":665,"slug":666,"priority":667,"chapter_name":23},1184,"Metalívoro, metalívora","metalivoro-metalivora",122,{"id":669,"name":670,"slug":671,"priority":538,"chapter_name":23},191,"Microestabilidad y macroestabilidad financieras","microestabilidad-y-macroestabilidad-financieras",{"id":673,"name":674,"slug":675,"priority":676,"chapter_name":23},367,"Modelos económicos","modelos-economicos",124,{"id":678,"name":679,"slug":680,"priority":681,"chapter_name":23},203,"Modo de producción tributario","modo-de-produccion-tributario",125,{"id":683,"name":684,"slug":685,"priority":686,"chapter_name":23},323,"Nivel de actividad económica","nivel-de-actividad-economica",126,{"id":688,"name":689,"slug":690,"priority":691,"chapter_name":23},950,"Niveles de empleo","niveles-de-empleo",127,{"id":693,"name":694,"slug":695,"priority":696,"chapter_name":23},1121,"Oportunidades productivas","oportunidades-productivas",128,{"id":698,"name":699,"slug":700,"priority":701,"chapter_name":23},531,"Pacto de rentas","pacto-de-rentas",129,{"id":703,"name":704,"slug":705,"priority":706,"chapter_name":23},1440,"Pánico bancario","panico-bancario",130,{"id":708,"name":709,"slug":710,"priority":711,"chapter_name":23},1099,"Paridad de poder adquisitivo (PPA)","paridad-de-poder-adquisitivo-ppa",131,{"id":713,"name":714,"slug":715,"priority":716,"chapter_name":23},247,"Pleno empleo","pleno-empleo",132,{"id":718,"name":719,"slug":720,"priority":721,"chapter_name":23},530,"Política de rentas","politica-de-rentas",133,{"id":630,"name":723,"slug":724,"priority":725,"chapter_name":23},"Política deflacionista","politica-deflacionista",134,{"id":727,"name":728,"slug":729,"priority":730,"chapter_name":23},611,"Política inflacionista (política inflacionaria)","politica-inflacionista-politica-inflacionaria",135,{"id":732,"name":733,"slug":734,"priority":735,"chapter_name":23},1469,"Política proteccionista","politica-proteccionista",136,{"id":737,"name":738,"slug":739,"priority":740,"chapter_name":23},1458,"Políticas activas y pasivas de empleo","politicas-activas-y-pasivas-de-empleo",137,{"id":742,"name":743,"slug":744,"priority":745,"chapter_name":23},1234,"Políticas de austeridad","politicas-de-austeridad",138,{"id":747,"name":748,"slug":749,"priority":750,"chapter_name":23},990,"Precariedad laboral","precariedad-laboral",139,{"id":752,"name":753,"slug":754,"priority":755,"chapter_name":23},1444,"Precio del dinero","precio-del-dinero",140,{"id":757,"name":758,"slug":759,"priority":760,"chapter_name":23},618,"Precio del trabajo","precio-del-trabajo",141,{"id":762,"name":763,"slug":764,"priority":765,"chapter_name":23},694,"Precio en origen","precio-en-origen",142,{"id":767,"name":768,"slug":769,"priority":770,"chapter_name":23},455,"Precios subsidiados","precios-subsidiados",143,{"id":772,"name":773,"slug":774,"priority":775,"chapter_name":23},441,"Presiones inflacionistas","presiones-inflacionistas",144,{"id":777,"name":778,"slug":779,"priority":780,"chapter_name":23},1326,"Prestación y contraprestación","prestacion-y-contraprestacion",145,{"id":782,"name":783,"slug":784,"priority":785,"chapter_name":23},235,"Presupuestos públicos","presupuestos-publicos",146,{"id":787,"name":788,"slug":789,"priority":790,"chapter_name":23},365,"Problemas económicos","problemas-economicos",147,{"id":792,"name":793,"slug":794,"priority":795,"chapter_name":23},1371,"Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) real","producto-interno-bruto-pib-real",148,{"id":797,"name":798,"slug":799,"priority":800,"chapter_name":23},1534,"Productos de temporada","productos-de-temporada",149,{"id":802,"name":803,"slug":804,"priority":805,"chapter_name":23},156,"Productos y servicios (bienes y servicios)","productos-y-servicios-bienes-y-servicios",150,{"id":807,"name":808,"slug":809,"priority":810,"chapter_name":23},272,"Profesionalización","profesionalizacion",151,{"id":52,"name":53,"slug":54,"priority":395,"chapter_name":23},{"id":813,"name":814,"slug":815,"priority":816,"chapter_name":23},1333,"Progresividad fiscal (regresividad fiscal)","progresividad-fiscal-regresividad-fiscal",153,{"id":818,"name":819,"slug":820,"priority":821,"chapter_name":23},333,"Pseudoproductos","pseudoproductos",154,{"id":823,"name":824,"slug":825,"priority":826,"chapter_name":23},334,"Pseudoproductos financieros","pseudoproductos-financieros",155,{"id":828,"name":829,"slug":830,"priority":802,"chapter_name":23},826,"Rebaja fiscal","rebaja-fiscal",{"id":832,"name":833,"slug":834,"priority":835,"chapter_name":23},827,"Recaudación fiscal","recaudacion-fiscal",157,{"id":47,"name":48,"slug":49,"priority":837,"chapter_name":23},158,{"id":839,"name":840,"slug":841,"priority":842,"chapter_name":23},1245,"Recursos físicos (recursos materiales)","recursos-fisicos-recursos-materiales",159,{"id":516,"name":844,"slug":845,"priority":846,"chapter_name":23},"Recursos piscícolas","recursos-piscicolas",160,{"id":848,"name":849,"slug":850,"priority":851,"chapter_name":23},427,"Redistribución de la renta (políticas redistributivas)","redistribucion-de-la-renta-politicas-redistributivas",161,{"id":853,"name":854,"slug":855,"priority":856,"chapter_name":23},1408,"Reestructuración de deuda","reestructuracion-de-deuda",162,{"id":858,"name":859,"slug":860,"priority":861,"chapter_name":23},1407,"Refinanciación","refinanciacion",163,{"id":863,"name":864,"slug":865,"priority":290,"chapter_name":23},436,"Reformas económicas","reformas-economicas",{"id":867,"name":868,"slug":869,"priority":870,"chapter_name":23},1428,"Regresividad (impuestos, fiscalidad)","regresividad-impuestos-fiscalidad",165,{"id":872,"name":873,"slug":874,"priority":875,"chapter_name":23},1507,"Relaciones de producción (relaciones productivas)","relaciones-de-produccion-relaciones-productivas",166,{"id":877,"name":878,"slug":879,"priority":880,"chapter_name":23},930,"Renta disponible","renta-disponible",167,{"id":882,"name":883,"slug":884,"priority":885,"chapter_name":23},629,"Rentas del trabajo y rentas del capital","rentas-del-trabajo-y-rentas-del-capital",168,{"id":887,"name":888,"slug":889,"priority":890,"chapter_name":23},724,"Reproducción simple","reproduccion-simple",169,{"id":892,"name":893,"slug":894,"priority":895,"chapter_name":23},1061,"Riesgo financiero","riesgo-financiero",170,{"id":897,"name":898,"slug":899,"priority":900,"chapter_name":23},1300,"Saldo comercial","saldo-comercial",171,{"id":902,"name":903,"slug":904,"priority":905,"chapter_name":23},1102,"Sector exterior","sector-exterior",172,{"id":907,"name":908,"slug":909,"priority":910,"chapter_name":23},758,"Sector formal y sector informal","sector-formal-y-sector-informal",173,{"id":912,"name":913,"slug":914,"priority":915,"chapter_name":23},319,"Shock energético","shock-energetico",174,{"id":917,"name":918,"slug":919,"priority":920,"chapter_name":23},763,"Shock externo","shock-externo",175,{"id":511,"name":922,"slug":923,"priority":181,"chapter_name":23},"Silvicultura","silvicultura",{"id":925,"name":926,"slug":927,"priority":928,"chapter_name":23},1580,"Sistema financiero","sistema-financiero",177,{"id":930,"name":931,"slug":932,"priority":933,"chapter_name":23},454,"Subsidio","subsidio",178,{"id":935,"name":936,"slug":937,"priority":938,"chapter_name":23},869,"Tasa de actividad (tasa de participación laboral)","tasa-de-actividad-tasa-de-participacion-laboral",179,{"id":940,"name":941,"slug":942,"priority":943,"chapter_name":23},288,"Tasa de actualización (inversión y finanzas)","tasa-de-actualizacion-inversion-y-finanzas",180,{"id":945,"name":946,"slug":947,"priority":948,"chapter_name":23},721,"Tasa de ocupación (tasa de empleo)","tasa-de-ocupacion-tasa-de-empleo",181,{"id":950,"name":951,"slug":952,"priority":142,"chapter_name":23},1442,"Tecnificación","tecnificacion",{"id":954,"name":955,"slug":956,"priority":957,"chapter_name":23},209,"Teletienda","teletienda",183,{"id":959,"name":960,"slug":961,"priority":962,"chapter_name":23},557,"Tierra, capital y trabajo","tierra-capital-y-trabajo",184,{"id":964,"name":965,"slug":966,"priority":967,"chapter_name":23},474,"Tipo impositivo (tipo de gravamen)","tipo-impositivo-tipo-de-gravamen",185,{"id":969,"name":970,"slug":971,"priority":972,"chapter_name":23},1270,"Titulización","titulizacion",186,{"id":974,"name":975,"slug":976,"priority":977,"chapter_name":23},1350,"Tramos del IRPF","tramos-del-irpf",187,{"id":979,"name":980,"slug":981,"priority":982,"chapter_name":23},1236,"Transferencias de capital","transferencias-de-capital",188,{"id":984,"name":985,"slug":986,"priority":987,"chapter_name":23},1232,"Turbulencias económicas","turbulencias-economicas",189,{"id":989,"name":990,"slug":991,"priority":992,"chapter_name":23},1227,"Unidad económica","unidad-economica",190,{"id":994,"name":995,"slug":996,"priority":669,"chapter_name":23},1361,"Valorización energética","valorizacion-energetica",{"id":998,"name":999,"slug":1000,"priority":1001,"chapter_name":23},1271,"Vehículo de inversión","vehiculo-de-inversion",192,{"id":1003,"name":1004,"slug":1005,"priority":455,"chapter_name":23},1607,"Elefante blanco","elefante-blanco",{"id":1007,"name":1008,"slug":1009,"priority":1010,"chapter_name":23},1608,"Sector servicios (sector terciario)","sector-servicios-sector-terciario",194,{"id":1012,"name":1013,"slug":1014,"priority":1015,"chapter_name":23},1625,"Índice de Lerner","indice-de-lerner",195,{"id":1017,"name":1018,"slug":1019,"priority":1020,"chapter_name":23},1627,"Fuerzas económicas","fuerzas-economicas",196,{"id":1022,"name":1023,"slug":1024,"priority":1025,"chapter_name":23},1630,"Craqueo del crudo","craqueo-del-crudo",197,{"id":1027,"name":1028,"slug":1029,"priority":1030,"chapter_name":23},1640,"Librecambismo","librecambismo",198,{"id":1032,"name":1033,"slug":1034,"priority":1035,"chapter_name":23},1643,"Colectivización","colectivizacion",199,{"id":1037,"name":1038,"slug":1039,"priority":1040,"chapter_name":23},1646,"Factores de producción","factores-de-produccion",200,{"id":1042,"name":1043,"slug":1044,"priority":1045,"chapter_name":23},1648,"Índice SEDA","indice-seda",201,{"id":1047,"name":1048,"slug":1049,"priority":1050,"chapter_name":23},1698,"Revalorización de activos","revalorizacion-de-activos",202,{"id":1052,"name":1053,"slug":1054,"priority":678,"chapter_name":23},1717,"Demanda artificial","demanda-artificial",{"id":1056,"name":1057,"slug":1058,"priority":1059,"chapter_name":23},1722,"Saldo presupuestario","saldo-presupuestario",204,{"id":1061,"name":1062,"slug":1063,"priority":1064,"chapter_name":23},1724,"Innovación","innovacion",205,{"id":1066,"name":1067,"slug":1068,"priority":1069,"chapter_name":23},1728,"Economía lineal (modelo de economía lineal)","economia-lineal-modelo-de-economia-lineal",206,{"id":1071,"name":1072,"slug":1073,"priority":1074,"chapter_name":23},1733,"Insumos (inputs)","insumos-inputs",207,{"id":1076,"name":1077,"slug":1078,"priority":1079,"chapter_name":23},1741,"Sector puntero","sector-puntero",208,{"id":1081,"name":1082,"slug":1083,"priority":954,"chapter_name":23},1744,"Fuerza de trabajo (fuerza laboral)","fuerza-de-trabajo-fuerza-laboral",{"id":1085,"name":1086,"slug":1087,"priority":295,"chapter_name":23},1745,"Tasa de interés real y tasa de interés nominal","tasa-de-interes-real-y-tasa-de-interes-nominal",{"id":1089,"name":1090,"slug":1091,"priority":1092,"chapter_name":23},1762,"Asignación de recursos","asignacion-de-recursos",212,{"id":1094,"name":1095,"slug":1096,"priority":1097,"chapter_name":23},1764,"Inestabilidad del ciclo económico","inestabilidad-del-ciclo-economico",213,{"id":1099,"name":1100,"slug":1101,"priority":1102,"chapter_name":23},1778,"Valor añadido bruto (valor agregado bruto) a precio de mercado y a coste de factores","valor-anadido-bruto-valor-agregado-bruto-a-precio-de-mercado-y-a-coste-de-factores",214,{"id":1104,"name":1105,"slug":1106,"priority":1107,"chapter_name":23},1811,"Producto homogéneo","producto-homogeneo",215,{"id":1109,"name":1110,"slug":1111,"priority":1112,"chapter_name":23},1814,"Inversión directa","inversion-directa",216,{"id":1114,"name":1115,"slug":1116,"priority":1117,"chapter_name":23},1841,"Reproducción capitalista ampliada","reproduccion-capitalista-ampliada",217,{"id":1119,"name":1120,"slug":1121,"priority":1122,"chapter_name":23},1861,"Oferta agregada (curva de oferta agregada)","oferta-agregada-curva-de-oferta-agregada",218,{"id":1124,"name":1125,"slug":1126,"priority":1127,"chapter_name":23},1862,"Rigidez salarial (salarios rígidos)","rigidez-salarial-salarios-rigidos",219,{"id":1129,"name":1130,"slug":1131,"priority":1132,"chapter_name":23},1867,"Stock de capital","stock-de-capital",220,{"id":1134,"name":1135,"slug":1136,"priority":1137,"chapter_name":23},1877,"Comercio exterior","comercio-exterior",221,{"id":1139,"name":1140,"slug":1141,"priority":1142,"chapter_name":23},1902,"Sectores económicos (sectores productivos, sectores de actividad)","sectores-economicos-sectores-productivos-sectores-de-actividad",222,{"id":1144,"name":1145,"slug":1146,"priority":1147,"chapter_name":23},1909,"Mercancía","mercancia",223,{"id":1149,"name":1150,"slug":1151,"priority":1152,"chapter_name":23},1920,"Necesidades económicas","necesidades-economicas",224,{"id":1154,"name":1155,"slug":1156,"priority":1157,"chapter_name":23},1937,"Dinero mercancía","dinero-mercancia",225,{"id":1159,"name":1160,"slug":1161,"priority":1162,"chapter_name":23},1944,"Subempleo","subempleo",226,{"id":1164,"name":1165,"slug":1166,"priority":1167,"chapter_name":23},1968,"Movilidad geográfica","movilidad-geografica",227,{"id":1169,"name":1170,"slug":1171,"priority":1172,"chapter_name":23},1969,"Sobrecualificación","sobrecualificacion",228,{"id":1174,"name":1175,"slug":1176,"priority":1177,"chapter_name":23},1971,"Justicia distributiva","justicia-distributiva",229,{"id":1179,"name":1180,"slug":1181,"priority":1182,"chapter_name":23},1973,"Fuerzas productivas","fuerzas-productivas",230,{"id":1184,"name":1185,"slug":1186,"priority":1187,"chapter_name":23},1994,"Capital improductivo","capital-improductivo",231,{"id":37,"name":38,"slug":39,"priority":1189,"chapter_name":23},233,{"id":1191,"name":1192,"slug":1193,"priority":1194,"chapter_name":23},2054,"Capital bancario","capital-bancario",234,{"id":1196,"name":1197,"slug":1198,"priority":782,"chapter_name":23},2070,"Rentas imputadas","rentas-imputadas",{"id":1200,"name":1201,"slug":1202,"priority":1203,"chapter_name":23},2079,"Integración económica","integracion-economica",236,{"id":1205,"name":1206,"slug":1207,"priority":593,"chapter_name":23},2086,"Barreras económicas (fronteras económicas)","barreras-economicas-fronteras-economicas",{"id":1209,"name":69,"slug":1210,"priority":1211,"chapter_name":23},2120,"sistema-capitalista",238,{"id":1213,"name":1214,"slug":1215,"priority":1216,"chapter_name":23},2156,"Industria metalúrgica","industria-metalurgica",239,{"id":1218,"name":1219,"slug":1220,"priority":1221,"chapter_name":23},2157,"Estabilidad de precios","estabilidad-de-precios",240,{"id":1223,"name":1224,"slug":1225,"priority":1226,"chapter_name":23},2162,"Gigante asiático","gigante-asiatico",241,{"id":1228,"name":1229,"slug":1230,"priority":1231,"chapter_name":23},2199,"Concierto fiscal","concierto-fiscal",242,{"id":1233,"name":1234,"slug":1235,"priority":1236,"chapter_name":23},2200,"Soberanía  fiscal","soberania-fiscal",243,{"id":1238,"name":1239,"slug":1240,"priority":1241,"chapter_name":23},2216,"Valor de uso","valor-de-uso",244,{"id":1243,"name":1244,"slug":1245,"priority":1246,"chapter_name":23},2219,"Producción económica","produccion-economica",245,{"id":1248,"name":1249,"slug":1250,"priority":1251,"chapter_name":23},2228,"Propensión marginal al consumo (PMGC)","propension-marginal-al-consumo-pmgc",246,{"id":1253,"name":1254,"slug":1255,"priority":713,"chapter_name":23},2292,"Economía de mercado","economia-de-mercado",{"id":1257,"name":1258,"slug":1259,"priority":1260,"chapter_name":23},2298,"Capital físico","capital-fisico",248,{"id":1262,"name":1263,"slug":1264,"priority":1265,"chapter_name":23},2309,"Valoración contingente","valoracion-contingente",250,{"id":1267,"name":1268,"slug":1269,"priority":1270,"chapter_name":23},2338,"Consumo improductivo","consumo-improductivo",251,{"id":1272,"name":1273,"slug":1274,"priority":1275,"chapter_name":23},2339,"Consumo suntuario","consumo-suntuario",252,{"id":1277,"name":1278,"slug":1279,"priority":1280,"chapter_name":23},2352,"Microeconomía","microeconomia",253,{"id":1282,"name":1283,"slug":1284,"priority":1285,"chapter_name":23},2364,"Potencia económica","potencia-economica",254,{"id":1287,"name":1288,"slug":1289,"priority":1290,"chapter_name":23},2411,"Equilibrio presupuestario","equilibrio-presupuestario",255,{"id":1292,"name":1293,"slug":1294,"priority":1295,"chapter_name":23},2420,"Tasa de interés activa","tasa-de-interes-activa",256,{"id":1297,"name":1298,"slug":1299,"priority":1300,"chapter_name":23},2421,"Tasa de interés pasiva","tasa-de-interes-pasiva",257,{"id":1302,"name":1303,"slug":1304,"priority":1305,"chapter_name":23},2430,"Impuestos especiales","impuestos-especiales",258,{"id":1307,"name":1308,"slug":1309,"priority":1310,"chapter_name":23},2458,"Fisco","fisco",259,{"id":1312,"name":1313,"slug":1314,"priority":1315,"chapter_name":23},2459,"Erario público","erario-publico",260,{"id":1317,"name":1318,"slug":1319,"priority":1320,"chapter_name":23},2460,"Administración tributaria","administracion-tributaria",261,{"id":1322,"name":1323,"slug":1324,"priority":1325,"chapter_name":23},2472,"Impuesto ad valorem","impuesto-ad-valorem",262,{"id":1327,"name":1328,"slug":1329,"priority":1330,"chapter_name":23},2477,"Capital intelectual","capital-intelectual",263,{"id":1332,"name":1333,"slug":1334,"priority":1335,"chapter_name":23},2492,"Valor tiempo del dinero (valor del dinero en el tiempo)","valor-tiempo-del-dinero-valor-del-dinero-en-el-tiempo",264,{"id":1337,"name":1338,"slug":1339,"priority":1340,"chapter_name":23},2527,"Salario menguante","salario-menguante",265,{"id":1342,"name":1343,"slug":1344,"priority":221,"chapter_name":23},2531,"Tasas (sistema tributario)","tasas-sistema-tributario",{"id":1346,"name":1347,"slug":1348,"priority":1349,"chapter_name":23},2545,"Explotación intensiva","explotacion-intensiva",267,{"id":1351,"name":1352,"slug":1353,"priority":1354,"chapter_name":23},2546,"Explotación extensiva","explotacion-extensiva",268,{"id":1356,"name":1357,"slug":1358,"priority":1359,"chapter_name":23},2583,"Deuda amortizable","deuda-amortizable",269,{"id":1361,"name":1362,"slug":1363,"priority":211,"chapter_name":23},2584,"Deuda pública","deuda-publica",{"id":1365,"name":1366,"slug":1367,"priority":1368,"chapter_name":23},2608,"Desarrollo ambiental","desarrollo-ambiental",271,{"id":1370,"name":1371,"slug":1372,"priority":807,"chapter_name":23},2612,"Nivel general de precios","nivel-general-de-precios",{"id":1374,"name":1375,"slug":1376,"priority":1377,"chapter_name":23},2617,"Cuarta revolución industrial (industria 4.0)","cuarta-revolucion-industrial-industria-40",273,{"id":1379,"name":1380,"slug":1381,"priority":1382,"chapter_name":23},2618,"Agroindustria","agroindustria",274,{"id":1384,"name":1385,"slug":1386,"priority":1387,"chapter_name":23},2633,"Cuesta de enero","cuesta-de-enero",275,{"id":1389,"name":1390,"slug":1391,"priority":1392,"chapter_name":23},2639,"Medios de subsistencia","medios-de-subsistencia",276,{"id":1394,"name":1395,"slug":1396,"priority":1397,"chapter_name":23},2677,"Economía política","economia-politica",277,{"id":1399,"name":1400,"slug":1401,"priority":1402,"chapter_name":23},2724,"Trabajo","trabajo",278,{"id":1404,"name":1405,"slug":1406,"priority":1407,"chapter_name":23},2729,"Países subdesarrollados","paises-subdesarrollados",279,{"id":1409,"name":1410,"slug":1411,"priority":1412,"chapter_name":23},2738,"Riesgo de pobreza","riesgo-de-pobreza",280,{"id":1414,"name":1415,"slug":1416,"priority":1417,"chapter_name":23},2749,"Tasa de actividad","tasa-de-actividad",281,{"id":1419,"name":1420,"slug":1421,"priority":1422,"chapter_name":23},2755,"Empleabilidad","empleabilidad",282,{"id":1424,"name":1425,"slug":1426,"priority":1427,"chapter_name":23},2775,"Ganadería caprina (ganado caprino)","ganaderia-caprina-ganado-caprino",283,{"id":1429,"name":1430,"slug":1431,"priority":1432,"chapter_name":23},2787,"Países en vías de desarrollo (países en desarrollo, países de desarrollo intermedio)","paises-en-vias-de-desarrollo-paises-en-desarrollo-paises-de-desarrollo-intermedio",284,{"id":1434,"name":1435,"slug":1436,"priority":1437,"chapter_name":23},2834,"Franquicias aduaneras","franquicias-aduaneras",285,{"id":1439,"name":1440,"slug":1441,"priority":1442,"chapter_name":23},2835,"Suspensiones arancelarias","suspensiones-arancelarias",286,{"id":1444,"name":1445,"slug":1446,"priority":1447,"chapter_name":23},2836,"Contingentes arancelarios (contingentes arancelarios cuantitativos)","contingentes-arancelarios-contingentes-arancelarios-cuantitativos",287,{"id":1449,"name":1450,"slug":1451,"priority":940,"chapter_name":23},2849,"Libre comercio","libre-comercio",{"id":1453,"name":1454,"slug":1455,"priority":1456,"chapter_name":23},2885,"Ánimo de lucro","animo-de-lucro",289,{"id":1458,"name":1459,"slug":1460,"priority":1461,"chapter_name":23},2888,"Demanda equivalencial (gasto equivalencial, consumo equivalencial)","demanda-equivalencial-gasto-equivalencial-consumo-equivalencial",290,{"id":1463,"name":1464,"slug":1465,"priority":1466,"chapter_name":23},2889,"Función de demanda marshalliana","funcion-de-demanda-marshalliana",291,{"id":1468,"name":1469,"slug":1470,"priority":513,"chapter_name":23},2905,"Inflación de costes","inflacion-de-costes",{"id":1472,"name":1473,"slug":1474,"priority":1475,"chapter_name":23},2916,"Tasa de interés","tasa-de-interes",293,{"id":1477,"name":1478,"slug":1479,"priority":608,"chapter_name":23},2940,"Variables económicas","variables-economicas",{"id":1481,"name":1482,"slug":1483,"priority":1484,"chapter_name":23},2992,"Racionamiento","racionamiento",295,{"id":1486,"name":1487,"slug":1488,"priority":1489,"chapter_name":23},3030,"Políticas fiscales discrecionales","politicas-fiscales-discrecionales",296,{"id":1491,"name":1492,"slug":1493,"priority":1494,"chapter_name":23},3053,"Industrialización","industrializacion",297,{"id":1496,"name":1497,"slug":1498,"priority":1499,"chapter_name":23},3067,"Economía de la innovación","economia-de-la-innovacion",298,{"id":1501,"name":1502,"slug":1503,"priority":1504,"chapter_name":23},3101,"Dinero en efectivo","dinero-en-efectivo",299,{"id":1506,"name":1507,"slug":1508,"priority":1509,"chapter_name":23},3104,"Dinero electrónico","dinero-electronico",300,{"id":1511,"name":1512,"slug":1513,"priority":1514,"chapter_name":23},3111,"Diversidad económica","diversidad-economica",301,{"id":1516,"name":1517,"slug":1518,"priority":1519,"chapter_name":23},3116,"Reproducción capitalista ampliada (reproducción ampliada)","reproduccion-capitalista-ampliada-reproduccion-ampliada",302,{"id":1521,"name":1522,"slug":1523,"priority":1524,"chapter_name":23},3120,"Toma de decisiones","toma-de-decisiones",303,{"id":1526,"name":1527,"slug":1528,"priority":1529,"chapter_name":23},3128,"Economía sumergida","economia-sumergida",304,{"id":1531,"name":1532,"slug":1533,"priority":1534,"chapter_name":23},3131,"Esfera de la producción (esfera productiva)","esfera-de-la-produccion-esfera-productiva",305,{"id":1536,"name":1537,"slug":1538,"priority":1539,"chapter_name":23},3149,"Factores económicos","factores-economicos",306,{"id":1541,"name":1542,"slug":1543,"priority":1544,"chapter_name":23},3156,"Tecnologías emergentes (nuevas tecnologías)","tecnologias-emergentes-nuevas-tecnologias",307,{"id":1546,"name":1547,"slug":1548,"priority":1549,"chapter_name":23},3182,"Presión fiscal","presion-fiscal",308,{"id":1551,"name":1552,"slug":1553,"priority":1554,"chapter_name":23},3192,"Régimen tributario (ordenamiento fiscal)","regimen-tributario-ordenamiento-fiscal",309,{"id":1556,"name":1254,"slug":1557,"priority":1558,"chapter_name":23},3253,"economia-de-mercado-FiP",310,{"id":1560,"name":1561,"slug":1562,"priority":1563,"chapter_name":23},3262,"Bien de consumo","bien-de-consumo",311,{"id":1565,"name":1566,"slug":1567,"priority":1568,"chapter_name":23},3271,"Trabajo formal","trabajo-formal",312,{"id":1570,"name":1571,"slug":1572,"priority":1573,"chapter_name":23},3288,"Economía campesina","economia-campesina",313,{"id":1575,"name":1576,"slug":1577,"priority":1578,"chapter_name":23},3289,"Impacto económico","impacto-economico",314,{"id":1580,"name":1581,"slug":1582,"priority":1583,"chapter_name":23},3359,"Precios públicos","precios-publicos",315,{"id":1585,"name":1586,"slug":1587,"priority":1588,"chapter_name":23},3360,"Funciones de utilidad","funciones-de-utilidad",316,{"id":1590,"name":1591,"slug":1592,"priority":1593,"chapter_name":23},3374,"Situación laboral","situacion-laboral",317,{"id":1595,"name":1596,"slug":1597,"priority":1598,"chapter_name":23},3378,"Divisas","divisas",318,{"id":1600,"name":1601,"slug":1602,"priority":912,"chapter_name":23},3380,"Pesca","pesca",{"id":1604,"name":1605,"slug":1606,"priority":1607,"chapter_name":23},3392,"Eficiencia","eficiencia",320,{"id":1609,"name":1610,"slug":1611,"priority":483,"chapter_name":23},3415,"Macromagnitudes económicas","macromagnitudes-economicas",{"id":1613,"name":80,"slug":1614,"priority":1615,"chapter_name":23},3426,"activos-de-reserva-YhN",322,{"id":1617,"name":1618,"slug":1619,"priority":683,"chapter_name":23},3441,"Numerario (dinero)","numerario-dinero",{"id":1621,"name":1622,"slug":1623,"priority":503,"chapter_name":23},3447,"Satisfactor","satisfactor",{"id":1625,"name":1626,"slug":1627,"priority":1628,"chapter_name":23},3476,"Deuda ecológica","deuda-ecologica",325,{"id":1630,"name":1631,"slug":1632,"priority":1633,"chapter_name":23},3508,"Factores legales","factores-legales",326,{"id":1635,"name":1636,"slug":1637,"priority":400,"chapter_name":23},3535,"Sistema económico","sistema-economico",{"id":1639,"name":1640,"slug":1641,"priority":1642,"chapter_name":23},3568,"Ciclos Juglar","ciclos-juglar",328,{"id":1644,"name":1645,"slug":1646,"priority":1647,"chapter_name":23},3644,"Pensiones contributivas","pensiones-contributivas",329,{"id":1649,"name":1650,"slug":1651,"priority":1652,"chapter_name":23},3687,"Pobreza estructural","pobreza-estructural",330,{"id":1654,"name":1655,"slug":1656,"priority":1657,"chapter_name":23},3689,"Economía artificial","economia-artificial",331,{"id":1659,"name":1660,"slug":1661,"priority":1662,"chapter_name":23},3701,"Turismo comunitario","turismo-comunitario",332,{"id":1664,"name":1665,"slug":1666,"priority":818,"chapter_name":23},3720,"División técnica del trabajo","division-tecnica-del-trabajo",{"id":1668,"name":1669,"slug":1670,"priority":823,"chapter_name":23},3728,"Tipo de interés real","tipo-de-interes-real",{"id":1672,"name":1673,"slug":1674,"priority":1675,"chapter_name":23},3756,"Obsolescencia programada","obsolescencia-programada",335,{"id":1677,"name":1678,"slug":1679,"priority":1680,"chapter_name":23},3773,"Globalización tecnológica","globalizacion-tecnologica",336,{"id":1682,"name":1683,"slug":1684,"priority":1685,"chapter_name":23},3776,"Precio de garantía","precio-de-garantia",337,{"id":1687,"name":1688,"slug":1689,"priority":1690,"chapter_name":23},3820,"Pobreza severa","pobreza-severa",338,{"id":1692,"name":1693,"slug":1694,"priority":109,"chapter_name":23},3824,"Puerto franco","puerto-franco",{"id":1696,"name":1697,"slug":1698,"priority":1699,"chapter_name":23},3832,"Sistema tributario (sistema fiscal, sistema impositivo)","sistema-tributario-sistema-fiscal-sistema-impositivo",340,{"id":1701,"name":1702,"slug":1703,"priority":1704,"chapter_name":23},3839,"Renta familiar (ingreso familiar)","renta-familiar-ingreso-familiar",341,{"id":1706,"name":1707,"slug":1708,"priority":1709,"chapter_name":23},3840,"Tasa de ahorro","tasa-de-ahorro",342,{"id":1711,"name":1712,"slug":1713,"priority":1714,"chapter_name":23},3851,"Crecimiento económico","crecimiento-economico",343,{"id":1716,"name":1717,"slug":1718,"priority":1719,"chapter_name":23},3863,"Valor monetario esperado","valor-monetario-esperado",344,{"id":1721,"name":1722,"slug":1723,"priority":1724,"chapter_name":23},3870,"Econometría","econometria",345,{"id":1726,"name":1727,"slug":1728,"priority":1729,"chapter_name":23},3876,"Ordenación contingente","ordenacion-contingente",346,{"id":1731,"name":1732,"slug":1733,"priority":1734,"chapter_name":23},3889,"Exceso de demanda (demanda insatisfecha)","exceso-de-demanda-demanda-insatisfecha",347,{"id":1736,"name":1737,"slug":1738,"priority":1739,"chapter_name":23},3922,"Bienes de consumo habitual (bienes de uso cotidiano, bienes de conveniencia, bienes de consumo de alta rotación)","bienes-de-consumo-habitual-bienes-de-uso-cotidiano-bienes-de-conveniencia-bienes-de-consumo-de-alta-rotacion",348,{"id":1741,"name":1742,"slug":1743,"priority":1744,"chapter_name":23},3944,"Intercambio desigual","intercambio-desigual",349,{"id":1746,"name":1747,"slug":1748,"priority":1749,"chapter_name":23},3945,"Términos de intercambio","terminos-de-intercambio",350,{"id":1751,"name":1752,"slug":1753,"priority":1754,"chapter_name":23},3973,"Primer mundo","primer-mundo",351,{"id":1756,"name":1757,"slug":1758,"priority":1759,"chapter_name":23},3984,"Minifundio empresarial","minifundio-empresarial",352,{"id":1761,"name":1762,"slug":1763,"priority":1764,"chapter_name":23},3989,"Estado del bienestar","estado-del-bienestar",353,{"id":1766,"name":1767,"slug":1768,"priority":1769,"chapter_name":23},4014,"Escasez económica (recursos escasos)","escasez-economica-recursos-escasos",354,{"id":1771,"name":1772,"slug":1773,"priority":1774,"chapter_name":23},4016,"Economía normativa","economia-normativa",355,{"id":1776,"name":1777,"slug":1778,"priority":1779,"chapter_name":23},4050,"Mercado de trabajo dual","mercado-de-trabajo-dual",356,{"id":57,"name":58,"slug":59,"priority":1781,"chapter_name":23},357,{"id":1783,"name":1784,"slug":1785,"priority":1781,"chapter_name":23},4080,"Neoproteccionismo","neoproteccionismo",{"id":1787,"name":1788,"slug":1789,"priority":1790,"chapter_name":23},4091,"Tecnología (factor de producción)","tecnologia-factor-de-produccion",358,{"id":1792,"name":1793,"slug":1794,"priority":1795,"chapter_name":23},4096,"Sector primario","sector-primario",359,{"id":1797,"name":1798,"slug":1799,"priority":1800,"chapter_name":23},4097,"Sector secundario (sector industrial, sector de transformación)","sector-secundario-sector-industrial-sector-de-transformacion",360,{"id":5,"name":8,"slug":9,"priority":11,"chapter_name":23},[1803],{"id":87,"name":1804,"slug":1805,"description":20,"created_by":15,"updated_by":15,"created_at":1806,"updated_at":1807,"owned_by":15,"pivot":1808},"Economía","economia","2023-05-07T09:14:50.000000Z","2023-05-07T17:17:41.000000Z",{"book_id":6,"bookshelf_id":87},[],[],{"question":20,"name":20,"email":20,"page_id":5},{"responsive":1813,"maintainAspectRatio":19},true,"https://www.amazon.es/hz/audible/mlp/mdp/discovery?actionCode=AMSTM1450129210001&tag=ikusmiraorg-21",1774088587105]