[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":1264},["Reactive",2],{"options:asyncdata:$ogpPUTwkW6:/p/mambises:0":3},{"page":4,"book":25,"news":1258,"questionSent":19,"questions":1259,"formData":1260,"attachments":22,"chartData":22,"pending":19,"chartOptions":1261,"afspec":19,"aflink":1263},{"id":5,"book_id":6,"chapter_id":7,"name":8,"slug":9,"html":10,"priority":11,"created_at":12,"updated_at":13,"created_by":14,"updated_by":18,"draft":19,"markdown":20,"revision_count":15,"template":19,"owned_by":21,"editor":20,"trends":22,"raw_html":23,"tags":24},3976,18,0,"Mambises","mambises","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-los-mambises%2C-en-sin\">Los \u003Cstrong>mambises, en singular mambí\u003C/strong>,  eran los guerrilleros cubanos que lucharon contra el dominio español a lo largo del siglo XIX por la independencia de Cuba. El origen del término es discutido y se barajan tres hipótesis: la primera, que provenga de  Juan Ethnnius Mamby, llamado Eutimio Mambí, miliar de raza negra., desertor del bando español y que luchó contra los españoles a comienzos del siglo XIX; la segunda establece como origen de la palabrá el termino peyorativo \u003Cem>mbi\u003C/em>, en bantú, lengua original de muchos esclavos en Cuba; finalmente, también se ha planteado como origen de la palabra un término amerindio para denominar a los rebeldes contra los caciques.  En prinicipio fue un término peyorativo, que evitaba nombrar a dichos rebeldes como guerrilleros, que eran el término reservado a los españoles que lucharon en la Guerra de Independencia española; una vez lograda la independencia de Cuba, el término se restauró de forma positiva, coom luchador por la libertad de Cuba. \u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-puede-interesarte-ta\">\u003Cstrong>Puede interesarte también\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cul id=\"bkmrk-grito-de-baire\">\r\n\u003Cli class=\"null\">\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/grito-de-baire\">\u003Cstrong>Grito de Baire\u003C/strong>\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>",309,"2026-01-28T16:03:17.000000Z","2026-01-28T16:14:34.000000Z",{"id":15,"name":16,"slug":17},1,"Admin","admin",{"id":15,"name":16,"slug":17},false,"",{"id":15,"name":16,"slug":17},null,"\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-los-mambises%2C-en-sin\">Los \u003Cstrong>mambises, en singular mambí\u003C/strong>,  eran los guerrilleros cubanos que lucharon contra el dominio español a lo largo del siglo XIX por la independencia de Cuba. El origen del término es discutido y se barajan tres hipótesis: la primera, que provenga de  Juan Ethnnius Mamby, llamado Eutimio Mambí, miliar de raza negra., desertor del bando español y que luchó contra los españoles a comienzos del siglo XIX; la segunda establece como origen de la palabrá el termino peyorativo \u003Cem>mbi\u003C/em>, en bantú, lengua original de muchos esclavos en Cuba; finalmente, también se ha planteado como origen de la palabra un término amerindio para denominar a los rebeldes contra los caciques.  En prinicipio fue un término peyorativo, que evitaba nombrar a dichos rebeldes como guerrilleros, que eran el término reservado a los españoles que lucharon en la Guerra de Independencia española; una vez lograda la independencia de Cuba, el término se restauró de forma positiva, coom luchador por la libertad de Cuba. \u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-puede-interesarte-ta\">\u003Cstrong>Puede interesarte también\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cul id=\"bkmrk-grito-de-baire\">\r\n\u003Cli class=\"null\">\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/grito-de-baire\">\u003Cstrong>Grito de Baire\u003C/strong>\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>",[],{"id":6,"name":26,"slug":27,"description":20,"created_at":28,"updated_at":28,"created_by":15,"updated_by":15,"owned_by":15,"default_template_id":22,"pages":29,"index":60,"shelves":1251},"Historia general","historia-general","2023-05-16T13:41:03.000000Z",[30,35,40,45,50,55],{"id":31,"name":32,"slug":33,"html":34},1641,"Cantonalismo","cantonalismo","\u003Cdiv class=\"row\" id=\"bkmrk-el-cantonalismo-fue-\">\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"col-md-12 col-xs-12\">El \u003Cstrong>cantonalismo\u003C/strong> fue movimiento político que se desarrolló a lo largo de la Primera República Española, entre 1873 y 1874, que desde un republicanismo radical impulsaba la división  del estado en pequeños cantones o regiones y defendía la federación entre ellos. Fue en su mayoría un movimiento impulsado por la pequeña burguesía, a pesar de que por parte de los sectores conservadores se argumentaba que estaba liderado por el movimiento obrero y los anarquistas. La acción principal del cantonalismo fue la Rebelión Cantonal, especialmente en Andalucía, Murcia, Alicante y Valencia, que proclamó varios cantones independientes. Estas revueltas fueron reprimidas por la fuerza por el Gobierno Central Español, siendo finalmente los cantones eliminados.\u003C/div>\r\n\u003C/div>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-%C2%A0\"> \u003C/p>",{"id":36,"name":37,"slug":38,"html":39},2524,"Ley Paccionada (1841)","ley-paccionada-1841","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-para-el-concepto-de-\">\u003Cem>Para el concepto de ley paccionada en general, consulta el \u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/leyes-paccionadas\">artículo sobre leyes paccionadas\u003C/a>. \u003C/em>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-la-ley-paccionada-fu\">La\u003Cstrong> Ley Paccionada\u003C/strong> fue una ley aprobada por las Cortes en agosto de \u003Cstrong>1841\u003C/strong> que estableció un régimen económico-administrativo especial para \u003Cstrong>Navarra\u003C/strong> respecto del resto de provincias españolas con el objetivo de restaurar los \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/fueros\">fueros\u003C/a>\u003C/strong> de forma adaptada al sistema constitucional vigente. La Ley Paccionada tuvo su origen en el Convenio de Vergara (1839) que dio fin a la Primera Guerra Carlista, donde entre otros acuerdos se acordó que Navarra continuara con sus fueros, acuerdo que se concretó ese mismo año con la Ley de Confirmación de Fueros donde se anticipó la necesidad de cambios en la ley para su adaptación al régimen constitucional, cambios que finalmente se concretaron en la Ley Paccionada. Entre los cambios más relevantes, debe citarse el que Navarra dejó de ser Reino como consecuencia de la Ley, para ser una provincia foral. La Ley Paccionada fue el antecedente de la Ley de Amejoramiento del Fuero de 1982 que es la base del sistema foral navarro en la actualidad. \u003C/p>",{"id":41,"name":42,"slug":43,"html":44},2879,"Edad Moderna (Era Moderna)","edad-moderna-era-moderna","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-en-historia%2C-la-edad\">En historia, la \u003Cstrong>Edad Moderna o  Era Moderna\u003C/strong> es el periodo histórico que se extiende de la Edad Media a la Edad o Era Contemporánea , entre los siglos XV y XVIII, tomando como hito inicil el descubrimiento de América en 1492 y como hito final la Revolución Francesa de 1789. Fue un época histórica de gran trascendencia para la humanidad durante la que se produjo una revolución científica y el desarrollo del capitalismo, junto con el inicio de la Revolución Industrial. \u003C/p>",{"id":46,"name":47,"slug":48,"html":49},961,"Partidos dinásticos","partidos-dinasticos","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-a-lo-largo-del-siglo\">A lo largo del siglo XIX y primeras décadas del XX, los \u003Cstrong>partidos dinásticos\u003C/strong> fueron aquellos partidos que defendían la monarquía borbónica isabelina como base del régimen político, frente a republicanos (partidarios de la República, y por tanto incompatibles con la monarquía), carlistas (monárquicos pero defensores de la dinastía borbónica carlista) o nacionalistas vascos y catalanes. Los partidos dinásticos fueron hegemónicos desde 1833, tras la muerte de Fernando VII y el acceso al trono de su hija Isabel II, hasta 1923, con el advenimiento de la dictadura de Primo de Rivera, excepto durante el sexenio democrático entre 1868 y 1874. Durante este largo periodo de casi 100 años, ocuparon el trono los monarcas de la Casa de Borbón, Isabel II, entre 1833 y 1868, Alfonso XII, enre 1875 y 1885, y Alfonso XIII, desde 1886 hasta 1931. Este largo periodo de monarquía borbónica fue posible sobre todo por la acción de los partidos dinásticos, que impedían cualquier intento de subvertir el régimen monárquico. Prueba clara de ello fue lo ocurrido a partir de la Restauración Borbónica de 1876, cuando los dos partidos dinásticos, conservadores de Cánovas del Castillo y liberales de Sagasta, monopolizaron el poder político mediante el sistema corrupto del \u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/turnismo\">\u003Cstrong>turnismo\u003C/strong>\u003C/a>, haciendo imposible mas allá de lo testimonial cualquier representación política opuesta al régimen monárquico.\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-puede-interesarte-ta\">\u003Cstrong>Puede interesarte también\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cul id=\"bkmrk-sistema-canovista-%28c\">\r\n\u003Cli style=\"font-weight: bold;\">\u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/sistema-canovista-canovismo\">Sistema canovista (canovismo)\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>",{"id":51,"name":52,"slug":53,"html":54},2399,"Estamentos (sociedad estamental)","estamentos-sociedad-estamental","\u003Cdiv class=\"row\" id=\"bkmrk-los-estamentos-eran-\">\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"col-md-12 col-xs-12\">\u003Ca href=\"https://es.gizapedia.org/uploads/images/gallery/2024-10/6tELA04NL7sVI134-zurich-drei-stande-chronik-der-herrschaft-gruningen-1610-247x300.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003Cimg class=\"align-right\" src=\"https://es.gizapedia.org/uploads/images/gallery/2024-10/scaled-1680-/6tELA04NL7sVI134-zurich-drei-stande-chronik-der-herrschaft-gruningen-1610-247x300.jpg\" alt=\"Zürich_-_Drei_Stände_-_Chronik_der_Herrschaft_Grüningen_1610-247x300.jpg\">\u003C/a>Los \u003Cstrong>estamentos\u003C/strong> eran estratos o grupos sociales que se distinguían en la Edad Media y en el Antiguo Régimen, de carácter cerrado y excluyente, con funciones y privilegios determinados y precisos, y que establecían una jerarquía absoluta en la sociedad. Se distinguían tres estamentos: \u003Cstrong>la \u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/nobleza/\">nobleza\u003C/a>, el clero y el tercer estado\u003C/strong>, creando todos juntos una \u003Cstrong>sociedad estamental\u003C/strong>. La nobleza y el clero eran estamentos con privilegios (por ejemplo, no tener que pagar impuestos y el reparto entre ellos de los principales cargos del estado) y en el tercer estado se reunían todos los demás, sin privilegios, burgueses, (comerciantes, artesanos...), campesinos y personas marginadas. Aunque sin privilegios, la burguesía consiguió sin embargo tener un gran poder económico. Entre los estamentos había un inmovilismo vertical absoluto, un individuo no podía pasar de un estamento a otro, en él nacía y moría; es decir, el privilegio se adquiría por nacimiento, por ser también noble el padre (aunque el rey podía otorgar el título de noble, a una persona que no lo era por naturaleza, por sus servicios al reino en forma de gratitud, especialmente en la guerra); en el \u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/alto-clero-y-bajo-clero\">alto clero\u003C/a>, por el contrario, los miembros de la nobleza entraban por vocación y tenían preferencia absoluta para acceder a los principales puestos del clero; en el tercer estado, los individuos que se reunían, por último, no podían acceder a los privilegios de otros estamentos, aunque fueran excepciones.\u003Cbr>\u003Cbr>A partir de finales del siglo XVIII, tras la crisis del Antiguo Régimen, la supresión de los estamentos, impulsada por la Revolución Francesa, vino acompañada de las exigencias de una burguesía cada vez más poderosa en la economía, al proclamar el papel político que le correspondía en la nación.\u003C/div>\r\n\u003C/div>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-%C2%A0\">\u003C/p>",{"id":56,"name":57,"slug":58,"html":59},2768,"Instituto Nacional de Previsión","instituto-nacional-de-prevision","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-el-instituto-naciona\">El \u003Cstrong>Instituto Nacional de Previsión\u003C/strong> fue un organismo de carácter estatal encargado de la atención sanitaria y de la protección social a través de las pensiones. Fue creado en 1908 por iniciativa de Antonio Maura, a la sazón presidente del consejo de ministros y líder del Partido Liberal-Conservador, dentro de su amplio programa de reformas enmarcadas en lo que se denominó Revolución desde arriba, que pretendía reformar y modernizar el régimen de la Restauración Borbónica desde las propias instituciones para acabar con el sistema caciquil. De hecho, la creación del Instituto Nacional de Previsión fue una de sus medidas de mayor calado. Inicialmente, el Instituto instauró un seguro obligatorio de retiro y más tarde uno de maternidad. En 1942, puso en marcha un seguro obligatorio de salud. En 1978, en el marco de la Transición, fue sustituido por entre otros los organismos denominados Instituto Nacional de la Salud (INSALUD), Instituto Nacional de la Seguridad Social (INSS) e Instituto Nacional de Servicios Sociales (INSERSO).\u003C/p>",{"":61},[62,66,69,71,75,80,85,90,95,100,105,110,115,120,125,130,135,140,145,150,155,156,161,166,171,176,181,186,191,196,201,206,211,216,221,226,231,236,241,246,251,256,261,266,271,276,281,286,291,296,301,306,311,316,321,326,331,336,341,346,351,356,361,366,371,376,381,386,391,396,401,406,411,416,421,426,431,436,441,446,451,456,461,466,471,476,481,486,491,496,501,506,511,513,518,523,528,533,538,543,548,553,558,563,568,573,578,583,587,592,597,602,607,612,617,622,627,632,636,641,646,650,655,659,664,669,674,679,684,689,691,696,701,706,711,716,721,726,728,733,738,743,748,753,758,763,768,773,777,782,787,792,797,799,804,809,814,819,824,829,834,839,844,849,854,859,864,869,874,879,884,886,891,896,901,906,911,916,921,926,931,936,941,946,951,956,961,966,971,976,981,986,991,996,1001,1006,1011,1016,1020,1025,1030,1035,1040,1045,1050,1055,1060,1065,1070,1075,1080,1085,1090,1095,1100,1105,1110,1115,1120,1125,1130,1135,1140,1145,1150,1155,1160,1165,1170,1175,1180,1185,1190,1195,1200,1205,1210,1215,1220,1221,1226,1231,1236,1241,1246],{"id":63,"name":64,"slug":65,"priority":7,"chapter_name":22},185,"Abdicación","abdicacion",{"id":67,"name":68,"slug":20,"priority":7,"chapter_name":22},3538,"Página nueva",{"id":70,"name":68,"slug":20,"priority":7,"chapter_name":22},3539,{"id":72,"name":73,"slug":74,"priority":15,"chapter_name":22},1106,"Acción Republicana","accion-republicana",{"id":76,"name":77,"slug":78,"priority":79,"chapter_name":22},1999,"Adolfo Suárez","adolfo-suarez",2,{"id":81,"name":82,"slug":83,"priority":84,"chapter_name":22},1304,"Afrancesados","afrancesados",3,{"id":86,"name":87,"slug":88,"priority":89,"chapter_name":22},1414,"Africanistas (militares)","africanistas-militares",4,{"id":91,"name":92,"slug":93,"priority":94,"chapter_name":22},1149,"Ager y saltus","ager-y-saltus",5,{"id":96,"name":97,"slug":98,"priority":99,"chapter_name":22},1707,"Aljama","aljama",6,{"id":101,"name":102,"slug":103,"priority":104,"chapter_name":22},1982,"Almojarifazgo","almojarifazgo",7,{"id":106,"name":107,"slug":108,"priority":109,"chapter_name":22},1720,"Alodios (propiedad alodial)","alodios-propiedad-alodial",8,{"id":111,"name":112,"slug":113,"priority":114,"chapter_name":22},1950,"Alta nobleza y baja nobleza","alta-nobleza-y-baja-nobleza",9,{"id":116,"name":117,"slug":118,"priority":119,"chapter_name":22},170,"Alto clero y bajo clero","alto-clero-y-bajo-clero",10,{"id":121,"name":122,"slug":123,"priority":124,"chapter_name":22},1759,"Anticlericalismo","anticlericalismo",11,{"id":126,"name":127,"slug":128,"priority":129,"chapter_name":22},1199,"Arqueología preventiva","arqueologia-preventiva",12,{"id":131,"name":132,"slug":133,"priority":134,"chapter_name":22},196,"Bando nacional y bando republicano","bando-nacional-y-bando-republicano",13,{"id":136,"name":137,"slug":138,"priority":139,"chapter_name":22},2018,"Bando sublevado (bando nacional) y bando republicano","bando-sublevado-bando-nacional-y-bando-republicano",14,{"id":141,"name":142,"slug":143,"priority":144,"chapter_name":22},1742,"Bienio conservador (bienio negro)","bienio-conservador-bienio-negro",15,{"id":146,"name":147,"slug":148,"priority":149,"chapter_name":22},847,"Bulas Inter caetera","bulas-inter-caetera",16,{"id":151,"name":152,"slug":153,"priority":154,"chapter_name":22},908,"Caciquismo","caciquismo",17,{"id":31,"name":32,"slug":33,"priority":6,"chapter_name":22},{"id":157,"name":158,"slug":159,"priority":160,"chapter_name":22},151,"Carrera armamentista","carrera-armamentista",19,{"id":162,"name":163,"slug":164,"priority":165,"chapter_name":22},562,"Carta otorgada","carta-otorgada",20,{"id":167,"name":168,"slug":169,"priority":170,"chapter_name":22},1946,"Caso Matesa","caso-matesa",21,{"id":172,"name":173,"slug":174,"priority":175,"chapter_name":22},1768,"Caudillo y Generalísimo (España)","caudillo-y-generalisimo-espana",22,{"id":177,"name":178,"slug":179,"priority":180,"chapter_name":22},1859,"Cisma de Occidente","cisma-de-occidente",23,{"id":182,"name":183,"slug":184,"priority":185,"chapter_name":22},1935,"Colonización","colonizacion",24,{"id":187,"name":188,"slug":189,"priority":190,"chapter_name":22},1949,"Complejo industrial-militar","complejo-industrial-militar",25,{"id":192,"name":193,"slug":194,"priority":195,"chapter_name":22},1024,"Constitución española de 1876","constitucion-espanola-de-1876",27,{"id":197,"name":198,"slug":199,"priority":200,"chapter_name":22},1543,"Constitución histórica","constitucion-historica",28,{"id":202,"name":203,"slug":204,"priority":205,"chapter_name":22},336,"Constituciones pactadas (cartas pactadas)","constituciones-pactadas-cartas-pactadas",29,{"id":207,"name":208,"slug":209,"priority":210,"chapter_name":22},864,"Contribución Territorial","contribucion-territorial",30,{"id":212,"name":213,"slug":214,"priority":215,"chapter_name":22},1338,"Cortes estamentales","cortes-estamentales",31,{"id":217,"name":218,"slug":219,"priority":220,"chapter_name":22},1562,"Criollos","criollos",32,{"id":222,"name":223,"slug":224,"priority":225,"chapter_name":22},1921,"Década Ominosa","decada-ominosa",33,{"id":227,"name":228,"slug":229,"priority":230,"chapter_name":22},1035,"Decretos de Nueva Planta","decretos-de-nueva-planta",34,{"id":232,"name":233,"slug":234,"priority":235,"chapter_name":22},1809,"Democracia orgánica","democracia-organica",35,{"id":237,"name":238,"slug":239,"priority":240,"chapter_name":22},1052,"Derechos feudales","derechos-feudales",36,{"id":242,"name":243,"slug":244,"priority":245,"chapter_name":22},1098,"Desastre de Annual","desastre-de-annual",37,{"id":247,"name":248,"slug":249,"priority":250,"chapter_name":22},1662,"Directorio civil","directorio-civil",38,{"id":252,"name":253,"slug":254,"priority":255,"chapter_name":22},718,"Doceañista","doceanista",39,{"id":257,"name":258,"slug":259,"priority":260,"chapter_name":22},2286,"Doctrina Monroe","doctrina-monroe",40,{"id":262,"name":263,"slug":264,"priority":265,"chapter_name":22},1103,"Emporion (definición)","emporion-definicion",41,{"id":267,"name":268,"slug":269,"priority":270,"chapter_name":22},174,"Encasillado","encasillado",42,{"id":272,"name":273,"slug":274,"priority":275,"chapter_name":22},1594,"Esclavismo","esclavismo",43,{"id":277,"name":278,"slug":279,"priority":280,"chapter_name":22},1924,"Espaldarazo (pescozada)","espaldarazo-pescozada",44,{"id":282,"name":283,"slug":284,"priority":285,"chapter_name":22},802,"Estados Generales","estados-generales",45,{"id":287,"name":288,"slug":289,"priority":290,"chapter_name":22},676,"Estatuto de Bayona","estatuto-de-bayona",46,{"id":292,"name":293,"slug":294,"priority":295,"chapter_name":22},716,"Estatuto Real de 1834","estatuto-real-de-1834",47,{"id":297,"name":298,"slug":299,"priority":300,"chapter_name":22},1976,"Explosión blanca","explosion-blanca",48,{"id":302,"name":303,"slug":304,"priority":305,"chapter_name":22},473,"Feudalización","feudalizacion",49,{"id":307,"name":308,"slug":309,"priority":310,"chapter_name":22},1051,"Feudatario","feudatario",50,{"id":312,"name":313,"slug":314,"priority":315,"chapter_name":22},419,"Filonazi","filonazi",51,{"id":317,"name":318,"slug":319,"priority":320,"chapter_name":22},2023,"Frente Popular (España)","frente-popular-espana",52,{"id":322,"name":323,"slug":324,"priority":325,"chapter_name":22},1957,"Gobiernos liberales (Restauración borbónica)","gobiernos-liberales-restauracion-borbonica",53,{"id":327,"name":328,"slug":329,"priority":330,"chapter_name":22},1726,"Grito de Baire","grito-de-baire",54,{"id":332,"name":333,"slug":334,"priority":335,"chapter_name":22},928,"Guerra 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