[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":1264},["Reactive",2],{"options:asyncdata:$ogpPUTwkW6:/p/impuesto-general-sobre-el-trafico-de-las-empresas-igte:0":3},{"page":4,"book":25,"news":1258,"questionSent":19,"questions":1259,"formData":1260,"attachments":22,"chartData":22,"pending":19,"chartOptions":1261,"afspec":19,"aflink":1263},{"id":5,"book_id":6,"chapter_id":7,"name":8,"slug":9,"html":10,"priority":11,"created_at":12,"updated_at":13,"created_by":14,"updated_by":18,"draft":19,"markdown":20,"revision_count":15,"template":19,"owned_by":21,"editor":20,"trends":22,"raw_html":23,"tags":24},4054,18,0,"Impuesto General sobre el Tráfico de las Empresas (IGTE)","impuesto-general-sobre-el-trafico-de-las-empresas-igte","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-en-espa%C3%B1a%2C-el-impues\">En España, el\u003Cstrong> Impuesto General sobre el Tráfico de las Empresas\u003C/strong>, abrevidamente IGTE, fue el impuesto indirecto que gravaba las operaciones mercantiles entre empresas y la venta de productos de consumo final. Era un impuesto en cascada, esto es, las empresas debían pagar el impuesto sobre el total de lo vendido y no sobre su margen o valor añadido. Estuvo en vigor en España entre 1964 y 1985, siendo sustituido por el Impuesto sobre el Valor Añadido, al entrar España en la Comunidad Económica Europea. \u003C/p>",314,"2026-02-27T16:34:46.000000Z","2026-02-27T16:41:18.000000Z",{"id":15,"name":16,"slug":17},1,"Admin","admin",{"id":15,"name":16,"slug":17},false,"",{"id":15,"name":16,"slug":17},null,"\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-en-espa%C3%B1a%2C-el-impues\">En España, el\u003Cstrong> Impuesto General sobre el Tráfico de las Empresas\u003C/strong>, abrevidamente IGTE, fue el impuesto indirecto que gravaba las operaciones mercantiles entre empresas y la venta de productos de consumo final. Era un impuesto en cascada, esto es, las empresas debían pagar el impuesto sobre el total de lo vendido y no sobre su margen o valor añadido. Estuvo en vigor en España entre 1964 y 1985, siendo sustituido por el Impuesto sobre el Valor Añadido, al entrar España en la Comunidad Económica Europea. \u003C/p>",[],{"id":6,"name":26,"slug":27,"description":20,"created_at":28,"updated_at":28,"created_by":15,"updated_by":15,"owned_by":15,"default_template_id":22,"pages":29,"index":60,"shelves":1251},"Historia general","historia-general","2023-05-16T13:41:03.000000Z",[30,35,40,45,50,55],{"id":31,"name":32,"slug":33,"html":34},3755,"Antiguo Régimen","antiguo-regimen","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-el-antiguo-r%C3%A9gimen-f\">\u003Cspan id=\"bkmrk-el-antiguo-r%C3%A9gimen-f-1\" class=\"form-control-text textarea\" style=\"display: block;\" role=\"textbox\">El \u003Cstrong>Antiguo Régimen\u003C/strong> fue el sistema político y social dominante en Europa desde finales desde el final de la Edad Media, a partir del siglo XV, hasta la Revolución Francesa de 1789, basado en monarquías absolutistas en la que las personas comunes eran meros súbditos, y caracterizado por una \u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/estamentos-sociedad-estamental\">sociedad estamental\u003C/a> con privilegios para la nobleza y el clero y un control de la industria y el comercio por parte de los gremios y de la burguesía. Fue el principal sistema político de Francia, España y Portugal, mientras que en otros países europeos a pesar de no ser el régimen predominante sí que se dieron algunas características de este. La Revolución Francesa y las revoluciones liberales en otros países condujeron al fin de este régimen, a la instauración de los Estados y regímenes liberales, basados en las libertades individuales, el reparto de poderes y la separación total de la Iglesia-Estado, con escaso intervencionismo estatal, en beneficio del capitalismo que entonces se extendía en el contexto de la Revolución Industrial.\u003Cbr>\u003Cbr>En política, durante el Antiguo Régimen prevaleció el absolutismo, el poder absoluto del monarca, en el que recaía la soberanía, para legislar, administrar el Estado y desarrollar la política exterior.\u003Cbr>\u003Cbr>En la sociedad, la característica principal del Antiguo Régimen fue la \u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/estamentos-sociedad-estamental\">sociedad estamental\u003C/a>, que dividía la sociedad en estamentos o clases sociales cerradas, la \u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/nobleza\">nobleza\u003C/a> y el \u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/clero/\">clero\u003C/a> con privilegios especiales y el \u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/tercer-estado-estado-llano\">tercer estado\u003C/a> o pueblo llano, sin privilegios, aunque entre ellos la \u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/burguesia\">burguesía\u003C/a> tenía un gran poder económico.\u003Cbr>\u003Cbr>En economía, los principales sectores del Antiguo Régimen eran la agricultura y la ganadería. Los incrementos de productividad en estos sectores fueron notables a lo largo de los siglos, gracias a las nuevas técnicas y a los nuevos cultivos procedentes de América (maíz, patata,...). Los \u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/propiedad-amortizada-propiedad-vinculada\">terrenos amortizados o manos muertas\u003C/a>, sin embargo, fueron un obstáculo para la aplicación de estas innovaciones. Las colonias fomentaron el comercio, trayendo de ellas cacao, café y otros productos y llevando a ellos productos elaborados por artesanos. Este comercio reforzó el sector financiero y supuso una importante acumulación de capital en manos del Estado y de la burguesía que se enriquecía. La gran productividad agrícola, los recursos financieros y las innovaciones tecnológicas del siglo XVIII abrieron el camino a la Revolución Industrial. \u003C/span>\u003C/p>",{"id":36,"name":37,"slug":38,"html":39},1176,"Revoluciones burguesas","revoluciones-burguesas","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-revoluciones-burgues\">\u003Cstrong>Revoluciones burguesas, llamadas también revoluciones liberales\u003C/strong>, es el término genérico con el que se denomina un conjunto de revoluciones y cambios tendentes a acabar con el Antiguo Régimen, las monarquías absolutistas y la sociedad estamental dominantes desde el final de la Edad Media a lo largo y ancho de Europa, en conflicto con la floreciente burguesía comercial e industrial desde finales del siglo XVIII, para instaurar un sistema político basado en la libertad e instauración de derechos individuales, la propiedad privada sobre todo -para beneficio de la burguesía- y la libertad de mercado en economía. La Revolución Burguesa por antonomasia fue la Revolución Francesa de 1789, pero a lo largo del siglo XIX, otros ciclos de revoluciones, especialmente las revoluciones de 1848, fueron allanando el camino hacia sistemas político de corte liberal, en favor de los intereses de la burguesía. Estas revoluciones burguesas desarollaron en su seno también reivindicaciones proletarias, conforme el socialismo se fue desarrollando a lo largo del siglo XIX, pero enseguida se generaron conflictos entre las clases burguesas y proletarias, a raiz de la explotación de que eran objeto las masas de trabajadores por parte de la gran burguesía. Estas contradicciones entre revoluciones burguesas y revoluciones proletarias se manifestaron claramente en el ciclo revolucionario ruso de 1917, cuando despues de una primera revolución burguesa, se produjo la Revolución de Octubre que instauró un régimen socialista. Este ciclo de 1917 puede considerarse cono la última revolucion burguesa en Europa.\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-una-interpretaci%C3%B3n-i\">Una interpretación interesada ensalza y legitima las revoluciones burguesas como la base sobre la que se construyeron las sociedades democráticas. Lejos de esta lectura, lo cierto es que las revoluciones burguesas no fueron democráticas y de hecho el sufragio universal fue un derecho que se fue extendiendo solo a final del siglo XIX, y seguramente con el ánimo de desactivar las revoluciones proletarias antiburguesas.\u003C/p>",{"id":41,"name":42,"slug":43,"html":44},1599,"Zares","zares","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-zar-es-el-t%C3%ADtulo-que\">\u003Cstrong>Zar \u003C/strong>es el título que se otorgado históricamente a los reyes o emperadores de Rusia y otros reinos del este de Europa. Etimológicamente, \u003Cem>zar \u003C/em>proviene del \u003Cem>César\u003C/em> de la Antigua Roma. \u003C/p>",{"id":46,"name":47,"slug":48,"html":49},3115,"Vasallaje (vasallos)","vasallaje-vasallos","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-el-vasallaje-es-una-\">\u003Cspan id=\"bkmrk-el-vasallaje-es-una--1\" class=\"form-control-text textarea\" style=\"display: block;\" role=\"textbox\">El \u003Cstrong>vasallaje\u003C/strong> es una relación de dependencia entre nobles medievales que unía a los señores o nobles de rango inferior, los\u003Cstrong> vasallos\u003C/strong>, con los nobles de rango superior, frecuentemente con el monarca. En este relación de dependencia, el vasallo prestaba obediencia, fidelidad y servicio militar (\u003Cem>consilium et auxilium\u003C/em>) al monarca, el cual daba a cambio protección militar y jurisdicción de un feudo al vasallo, de modo que éste se convertía en señor feudal. El feudo, también llamado señorío, era un extenso dominio de tierras, junto con su castillo, casas y siervos, que convertía al vasallo en un señor. De esta forma. La relación de vasallaje es de esta forma una de las bases del sistema social, político y económico llamado feudalismo.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>",{"id":51,"name":52,"slug":53,"html":54},3992,"Colonialismo","colonialismo","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-el-colonialismo-es-u\">El \u003Cstrong>colonialismo\u003C/strong> es un sistema político de dominación por el cual una potencia extranjera ocupa y ejerce un control político y económico sobre otro país, en su forma más original y genuina a través de un proceso de \u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/colonizacion\">\u003Cstrong>colonización\u003C/strong>\u003C/a> o establecimiento de colonias, con el objetivo principal de explotar y apropiarse de los recursos económicos del país colonizado o explotar su mano de obra. Se solapa en gran medida con el concepto de imperialismo, aunque este último es más amplio, puede ejercerse de forma indirecta sin ocupación del territorio y perseguir sobre todo una dominación política o cultural. Históricamente, el colonialismo hace referencia principalmente a la foema de dominación que han ejercido o todavía ejercen las potencias europeas desde el siglo XVI sobre los pueblos y territorios de América, Asia y África. \u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"id":56,"name":57,"slug":58,"html":59},3169,"Antiespaña (anti-España)","antiespana-anti-espana","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-antiespa%C3%B1a-o-anti-es\">\u003Cstrong>Antiespaña o anti-España\u003C/strong> fue un término propagandístico utilizado por sectores políticos de derecha conservadora y tradicionalista y el falangismo en la Segunda República  para denominar a los sectores políticos de izquierda o, durante la Guerra Civil,  aliados con el bando republicano, asociando esos sectores con revolución, violencia y destrucción de la sociedad española. \u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"":61},[62,66,69,71,75,80,85,90,95,100,105,110,115,120,125,130,135,140,145,150,155,159,164,169,174,179,184,189,194,199,204,209,214,219,224,229,234,239,244,249,254,259,264,269,274,279,284,289,294,299,304,309,314,319,324,329,334,339,344,349,354,359,364,369,374,379,384,389,394,399,404,409,414,419,424,429,434,439,444,449,454,459,464,469,474,479,484,489,494,499,504,509,514,519,524,529,534,539,544,549,554,559,564,569,574,579,584,589,593,598,603,608,613,615,620,625,630,635,639,644,649,653,658,662,667,672,677,682,687,689,694,699,704,709,714,719,724,729,734,739,744,749,754,759,764,769,774,779,783,788,793,798,803,808,813,818,823,828,833,838,843,848,853,858,863,868,873,878,883,888,893,898,903,908,913,918,923,928,933,938,943,948,953,958,963,968,973,978,983,988,993,998,1003,1008,1013,1015,1020,1025,1029,1031,1036,1041,1046,1051,1056,1061,1066,1071,1076,1081,1086,1091,1096,1101,1106,1111,1116,1121,1126,1131,1136,1141,1143,1148,1153,1158,1163,1168,1173,1178,1183,1188,1193,1198,1203,1208,1213,1218,1223,1228,1230,1235,1240,1245,1246],{"id":63,"name":64,"slug":65,"priority":7,"chapter_name":22},185,"Abdicación","abdicacion",{"id":67,"name":68,"slug":20,"priority":7,"chapter_name":22},3538,"Página nueva",{"id":70,"name":68,"slug":20,"priority":7,"chapter_name":22},3539,{"id":72,"name":73,"slug":74,"priority":15,"chapter_name":22},1106,"Acción Republicana","accion-republicana",{"id":76,"name":77,"slug":78,"priority":79,"chapter_name":22},1999,"Adolfo Suárez","adolfo-suarez",2,{"id":81,"name":82,"slug":83,"priority":84,"chapter_name":22},1304,"Afrancesados","afrancesados",3,{"id":86,"name":87,"slug":88,"priority":89,"chapter_name":22},1414,"Africanistas (militares)","africanistas-militares",4,{"id":91,"name":92,"slug":93,"priority":94,"chapter_name":22},1149,"Ager y saltus","ager-y-saltus",5,{"id":96,"name":97,"slug":98,"priority":99,"chapter_name":22},1707,"Aljama","aljama",6,{"id":101,"name":102,"slug":103,"priority":104,"chapter_name":22},1982,"Almojarifazgo","almojarifazgo",7,{"id":106,"name":107,"slug":108,"priority":109,"chapter_name":22},1720,"Alodios (propiedad alodial)","alodios-propiedad-alodial",8,{"id":111,"name":112,"slug":113,"priority":114,"chapter_name":22},1950,"Alta nobleza y baja nobleza","alta-nobleza-y-baja-nobleza",9,{"id":116,"name":117,"slug":118,"priority":119,"chapter_name":22},170,"Alto clero y bajo clero","alto-clero-y-bajo-clero",10,{"id":121,"name":122,"slug":123,"priority":124,"chapter_name":22},1759,"Anticlericalismo","anticlericalismo",11,{"id":126,"name":127,"slug":128,"priority":129,"chapter_name":22},1199,"Arqueología preventiva","arqueologia-preventiva",12,{"id":131,"name":132,"slug":133,"priority":134,"chapter_name":22},196,"Bando nacional y bando republicano","bando-nacional-y-bando-republicano",13,{"id":136,"name":137,"slug":138,"priority":139,"chapter_name":22},2018,"Bando sublevado (bando nacional) y bando republicano","bando-sublevado-bando-nacional-y-bando-republicano",14,{"id":141,"name":142,"slug":143,"priority":144,"chapter_name":22},1742,"Bienio conservador (bienio negro)","bienio-conservador-bienio-negro",15,{"id":146,"name":147,"slug":148,"priority":149,"chapter_name":22},847,"Bulas Inter caetera","bulas-inter-caetera",16,{"id":151,"name":152,"slug":153,"priority":154,"chapter_name":22},908,"Caciquismo","caciquismo",17,{"id":156,"name":157,"slug":158,"priority":6,"chapter_name":22},1641,"Cantonalismo","cantonalismo",{"id":160,"name":161,"slug":162,"priority":163,"chapter_name":22},151,"Carrera armamentista","carrera-armamentista",19,{"id":165,"name":166,"slug":167,"priority":168,"chapter_name":22},562,"Carta otorgada","carta-otorgada",20,{"id":170,"name":171,"slug":172,"priority":173,"chapter_name":22},1946,"Caso Matesa","caso-matesa",21,{"id":175,"name":176,"slug":177,"priority":178,"chapter_name":22},1768,"Caudillo y Generalísimo (España)","caudillo-y-generalisimo-espana",22,{"id":180,"name":181,"slug":182,"priority":183,"chapter_name":22},1859,"Cisma de Occidente","cisma-de-occidente",23,{"id":185,"name":186,"slug":187,"priority":188,"chapter_name":22},1935,"Colonización","colonizacion",24,{"id":190,"name":191,"slug":192,"priority":193,"chapter_name":22},1949,"Complejo industrial-militar","complejo-industrial-militar",25,{"id":195,"name":196,"slug":197,"priority":198,"chapter_name":22},1024,"Constitución española de 1876","constitucion-espanola-de-1876",27,{"id":200,"name":201,"slug":202,"priority":203,"chapter_name":22},1543,"Constitución histórica","constitucion-historica",28,{"id":205,"name":206,"slug":207,"priority":208,"chapter_name":22},336,"Constituciones pactadas (cartas pactadas)","constituciones-pactadas-cartas-pactadas",29,{"id":210,"name":211,"slug":212,"priority":213,"chapter_name":22},864,"Contribución Territorial","contribucion-territorial",30,{"id":215,"name":216,"slug":217,"priority":218,"chapter_name":22},1338,"Cortes estamentales","cortes-estamentales",31,{"id":220,"name":221,"slug":222,"priority":223,"chapter_name":22},1562,"Criollos","criollos",32,{"id":225,"name":226,"slug":227,"priority":228,"chapter_name":22},1921,"Década Ominosa","decada-ominosa",33,{"id":230,"name":231,"slug":232,"priority":233,"chapter_name":22},1035,"Decretos de Nueva Planta","decretos-de-nueva-planta",34,{"id":235,"name":236,"slug":237,"priority":238,"chapter_name":22},1809,"Democracia orgánica","democracia-organica",35,{"id":240,"name":241,"slug":242,"priority":243,"chapter_name":22},1052,"Derechos feudales","derechos-feudales",36,{"id":245,"name":246,"slug":247,"priority":248,"chapter_name":22},1098,"Desastre de Annual","desastre-de-annual",37,{"id":250,"name":251,"slug":252,"priority":253,"chapter_name":22},1662,"Directorio civil","directorio-civil",38,{"id":255,"name":256,"slug":257,"priority":258,"chapter_name":22},718,"Doceañista","doceanista",39,{"id":260,"name":261,"slug":262,"priority":263,"chapter_name":22},2286,"Doctrina Monroe","doctrina-monroe",40,{"id":265,"name":266,"slug":267,"priority":268,"chapter_name":22},1103,"Emporion (definición)","emporion-definicion",41,{"id":270,"name":271,"slug":272,"priority":273,"chapter_name":22},174,"Encasillado","encasillado",42,{"id":275,"name":276,"slug":277,"priority":278,"chapter_name":22},1594,"Esclavismo","esclavismo",43,{"id":280,"name":281,"slug":282,"priority":283,"chapter_name":22},1924,"Espaldarazo (pescozada)","espaldarazo-pescozada",44,{"id":285,"name":286,"slug":287,"priority":288,"chapter_name":22},802,"Estados Generales","estados-generales",45,{"id":290,"name":291,"slug":292,"priority":293,"chapter_name":22},676,"Estatuto de Bayona","estatuto-de-bayona",46,{"id":295,"name":296,"slug":297,"priority":298,"chapter_name":22},716,"Estatuto Real de 1834","estatuto-real-de-1834",47,{"id":300,"name":301,"slug":302,"priority":303,"chapter_name":22},1976,"Explosión blanca","explosion-blanca",48,{"id":305,"name":306,"slug":307,"priority":308,"chapter_name":22},473,"Feudalización","feudalizacion",49,{"id":310,"name":311,"slug":312,"priority":313,"chapter_name":22},1051,"Feudatario","feudatario",50,{"id":315,"name":316,"slug":317,"priority":318,"chapter_name":22},419,"Filonazi","filonazi",51,{"id":320,"name":321,"slug":322,"priority":323,"chapter_name":22},2023,"Frente Popular (España)","frente-popular-espana",52,{"id":325,"name":326,"slug":327,"priority":328,"chapter_name":22},1957,"Gobiernos liberales (Restauración borbónica)","gobiernos-liberales-restauracion-borbonica",53,{"id":330,"name":331,"slug":332,"priority":333,"chapter_name":22},1726,"Grito de Baire","grito-de-baire",54,{"id":335,"name":336,"slug":337,"priority":338,"chapter_name":22},928,"Guerra Chiquita","guerra-chiquita",55,{"id":340,"name":341,"slug":342,"priority":343,"chapter_name":22},1860,"Guerra de los Cien Años","guerra-de-los-cien-anos",56,{"id":345,"name":346,"slug":347,"priority":348,"chapter_name":22},613,"Guerra de posiciones","guerra-de-posiciones",57,{"id":350,"name":351,"slug":352,"priority":353,"chapter_name":22},612,"Hombre blanco hablar con lengua de serpiente","hombre-blanco-hablar-con-lengua-de-serpiente",58,{"id":355,"name":356,"slug":357,"priority":358,"chapter_name":22},846,"Homenaje (feudalismo)","homenaje-feudalismo",59,{"id":360,"name":361,"slug":362,"priority":363,"chapter_name":22},1595,"Huelga revolucionaria","huelga-revolucionaria",60,{"id":365,"name":366,"slug":367,"priority":368,"chapter_name":22},1488,"Ideal ilustrado","ideal-ilustrado",61,{"id":370,"name":371,"slug":372,"priority":373,"chapter_name":22},756,"Imperio (definición 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