[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":623},["Reactive",2],{"options:asyncdata:$ogpPUTwkW6:/p/grupo-de-investigacion:0":3},{"page":4,"book":26,"news":617,"questionSent":19,"questions":618,"formData":619,"attachments":23,"chartData":23,"pending":19,"chartOptions":620,"afspec":19,"aflink":622},{"id":5,"book_id":6,"chapter_id":7,"name":8,"slug":9,"html":10,"priority":11,"created_at":12,"updated_at":13,"created_by":14,"updated_by":18,"draft":19,"markdown":20,"revision_count":21,"template":19,"owned_by":22,"editor":20,"trends":23,"raw_html":24,"tags":25},4078,26,0,"Grupo de investigación","grupo-de-investigacion","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-un-grupo-de-investig\">Un \u003Cstrong>grupo de investigación\u003C/strong> es un grupo de investigadores profesionales o independientes más o menos consolidado que desarrolla una o varias \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/linea-de-investigacion\">líneas de investigación\u003C/a>\u003C/strong> dentro de un área de conocimiento. \u003C/p>",220,"2026-03-06T16:30:26.000000Z","2026-03-06T16:33:06.000000Z",{"id":15,"name":16,"slug":17},1,"Admin","admin",{"id":15,"name":16,"slug":17},false,"",2,{"id":15,"name":16,"slug":17},null,"\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-un-grupo-de-investig\">Un \u003Cstrong>grupo de investigación\u003C/strong> es un grupo de investigadores profesionales o independientes más o menos consolidado que desarrolla una o varias \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/linea-de-investigacion\">líneas de investigación\u003C/a>\u003C/strong> dentro de un área de conocimiento. \u003C/p>",[],{"id":6,"name":27,"slug":28,"description":20,"created_at":29,"updated_at":30,"created_by":15,"updated_by":15,"owned_by":15,"default_template_id":23,"pages":31,"index":62,"shelves":616},"Metodología en ciencias sociales","metodologia-en-ciencias-sociales","2023-06-03T06:04:43.000000Z","2023-09-24T07:32:01.000000Z",[32,37,42,47,52,57],{"id":33,"name":34,"slug":35,"html":36},4079,"Paradigma dialéctico","paradigma-dialectico","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-el-paradigma-dial%C3%A9ct\">El \u003Cstrong>paradigma dialéctico\u003C/strong> es la aplicación de la dialéctica desde la prspectiva de Hegel y Marx a la investigación social, según el cual la realidad se entiende como proceso fundamentalmente histórico y cambiante, resultado de la oposición entre diferentes fuerzas y factores y de la interdependencia de los fenómenos desde las que persigue el progreso y la transformación social. Su aplicación en especialmente destacada en el análisis del conflicto. \u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-puede-interesarte-ta\">\u003Cstrong>Puede interesarte también\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cul id=\"bkmrk-paradigma-sociocr%C3%ADti\">\r\n\u003Cli class=\"null\">\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/paradigma-socio-critico\">\u003Cstrong>Paradigma sociocrítico\u003C/strong>\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003Cli class=\"null\">\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/paradigma-historico-social\">\u003Cstrong>Paradigma histórico social\u003C/strong>\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>",{"id":38,"name":39,"slug":40,"html":41},1422,"Factores explicativos","factores-explicativos","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-en-investigaci%C3%B3n-cie\">En investigación cientica, los \u003Cstrong>factores explicativos\u003C/strong> de un fenómeno son las causas que lo desencadenan o le afectan, es decir lo \u003Cem>explican\u003C/em>, con el objetivo de establecer de forma más o menos concreta y exacta los mecanismos y parámetros que definen dicha relación causa-efecto a través de la recogida de datos y su análisis estadístico.\u003C/p>",{"id":43,"name":44,"slug":45,"html":46},3058,"Regularidad","regularidad","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-regularidad-es-el-co\">\u003Cstrong>Regularidad\u003C/strong> es el conjunto de patrones y pautas que se pueden observar en la evolución y distribución de un fenómeno con \u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/variabilidad-estadistica\">variabilidad\u003C/a>. Estos patrones conforman generalmente la parte determinista, predecible y  sistemática del fenómeno que se contrapone a la parte aleatoria que genera la variabilidad del fenómeno. Un ejemplo de fenómeno que muestra regularidad está formado por  las alturas de los hombres jóvenes en una región, en las que mas allá de su variabilidad se puede observar que se concentran alrededor de un \u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/promedio\">valor promedio\u003C/a>, patrón que determinará el componente de regularidad.\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-es-la-estad%C5%9Bitica-la\">Es la estadśitica la disciplina que extrae la regularidad de un fenómeno de carácter variable,  a partir del análisis de datos.\u003C/p>",{"id":48,"name":49,"slug":50,"html":51},2957,"Naturaleza estructural","naturaleza-estructural","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-se-dice-que-un-fen%C3%B3m\">Se dice que un fenómeno tiene una \u003Cstrong>naturaleza estructural\u003C/strong> cuando no depende de factores coyunturales, temporales o transitorios, sido que viene dado por la estructura misma del sistema en que se inserta. Por ejemplo, decimos que un problema económico tiene naturaleza estructural cuando depende de como está estructurada una economía, cuáles son las bases y relaciones en las que se desarolla la economía, más que en la evolución a corto y medio de plazo de esta. \u003C/p>",{"id":53,"name":54,"slug":55,"html":56},1415,"Problematización (investigación científica)","problematizacion-investigacion-cientifica","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-la-problematizaci%C3%B3n-\">La \u003Cstrong>problematización o planteamiento del problema\u003C/strong>  es el proceso por el que se definen los objetivos de una investigación científica, planteando las hipótesis a verificar en el estudio con claridad y precisión con el objetivo de facilitar y simplificar su desarrollo. La problematización se lleva a cabo a lo largo de varias etapas, desarrollando el marco teórico de la investigación, detallando en primer lugar los conceptos a utilizar, recogiendo el estado de la cuestión sobre el problema a estudiar, para luego finalmente detallar el aspecto concreto que se quiere investigar, expresando su importancia dentro del área en que se inserta.\u003C/p>",{"id":58,"name":59,"slug":60,"html":61},3344,"Indicador (definición)","indicador-definicion","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-un-indicador-es-una-\">Un \u003Cstrong>indicador \u003C/strong>es una metodología para describir y representar una característica o aspecto concreto de un  fenómeno o situación en forma numérica. En la definición del indicador debe quedar clara de forma exacta e inequívoca lo que se desea medir y su desarrollo debe justificarse de forma lógica dentro del sistema que desea analizarse.\u003C/p>",{"":63},[64,68,73,78,83,88,93,98,103,108,113,118,122,127,132,137,142,147,152,157,162,167,172,177,182,187,192,197,202,207,212,217,222,227,232,237,242,244,246,251,256,261,266,271,276,281,286,291,296,301,306,311,316,321,326,331,336,340,345,350,355,360,365,370,375,380,385,390,395,400,405,410,415,420,425,430,435,440,445,450,455,459,464,469,474,476,481,483,488,493,498,503,508,513,518,523,528,533,538,540,545,550,555,560,565,570,575,580,585,590,595,600,605,608,613,614],{"id":65,"name":66,"slug":67,"priority":21,"chapter_name":23},178,"Marco contextual","marco-contextual",{"id":69,"name":70,"slug":71,"priority":72,"chapter_name":23},81,"Definición operacional","definicion-operacional",12,{"id":74,"name":75,"slug":76,"priority":77,"chapter_name":23},186,"Paradigmas críticos","paradigmas-criticos",17,{"id":79,"name":80,"slug":81,"priority":82,"chapter_name":23},251,"Formulación de hipótesis","formulacion-de-hipotesis",18,{"id":84,"name":85,"slug":86,"priority":87,"chapter_name":23},467,"Observación sistemática y observación asistemática","observacion-sistematica-y-observacion-asistematica",19,{"id":89,"name":90,"slug":91,"priority":92,"chapter_name":23},520,"Observación pasiva y observación activa","observacion-pasiva-y-observacion-activa",20,{"id":94,"name":95,"slug":96,"priority":97,"chapter_name":23},548,"Investigación cualitativa (enfoque cualitativo de investigación)","investigacion-cualitativa-enfoque-cualitativo-de-investigacion",21,{"id":99,"name":100,"slug":101,"priority":102,"chapter_name":23},597,"Investigación social","investigacion-social",22,{"id":104,"name":105,"slug":106,"priority":107,"chapter_name":23},599,"Observación (concepto y definición)","observacion-concepto-y-definicion",23,{"id":109,"name":110,"slug":111,"priority":112,"chapter_name":23},627,"Categorización","categorizacion",24,{"id":114,"name":115,"slug":116,"priority":117,"chapter_name":23},650,"Ciencias sociales (definición)","ciencias-sociales-definicion",25,{"id":119,"name":120,"slug":121,"priority":6,"chapter_name":23},673,"Escala nominal","escala-nominal",{"id":123,"name":124,"slug":125,"priority":126,"chapter_name":23},675,"Escala de valoración","escala-de-valoracion",27,{"id":128,"name":129,"slug":130,"priority":131,"chapter_name":23},696,"Validez externa","validez-externa",28,{"id":133,"name":134,"slug":135,"priority":136,"chapter_name":23},697,"Factores organísmicos","factores-organismicos",29,{"id":138,"name":139,"slug":140,"priority":141,"chapter_name":23},744,"Proyecto de investigación","proyecto-de-investigacion",30,{"id":143,"name":144,"slug":145,"priority":146,"chapter_name":23},797,"Síntesis bibliográfica","sintesis-bibliografica",31,{"id":148,"name":149,"slug":150,"priority":151,"chapter_name":23},803,"Juicio crítico","juicio-critico",32,{"id":153,"name":154,"slug":155,"priority":156,"chapter_name":23},879,"Paradigma de investigación","paradigma-de-investigacion",33,{"id":158,"name":159,"slug":160,"priority":161,"chapter_name":23},907,"Paradigma positivista","paradigma-positivista",34,{"id":163,"name":164,"slug":165,"priority":166,"chapter_name":23},82,"Operacionalización","operacionalizacion",46,{"id":168,"name":169,"slug":170,"priority":171,"chapter_name":23},914,"Definición instrumental","definicion-instrumental",47,{"id":173,"name":174,"slug":175,"priority":176,"chapter_name":23},925,"Paradigma histórico social","paradigma-historico-social",48,{"id":178,"name":179,"slug":180,"priority":181,"chapter_name":23},966,"Paradigma alternativo","paradigma-alternativo",49,{"id":183,"name":184,"slug":185,"priority":186,"chapter_name":23},993,"Perspectiva histórica","perspectiva-historica",50,{"id":188,"name":189,"slug":190,"priority":191,"chapter_name":23},1063,"Línea de investigación","linea-de-investigacion",51,{"id":193,"name":194,"slug":195,"priority":196,"chapter_name":23},1084,"Tipología","tipologia",52,{"id":198,"name":199,"slug":200,"priority":201,"chapter_name":23},1123,"Fuentes de información (fuentes de investigación)","fuentes-de-informacion-fuentes-de-investigacion",53,{"id":203,"name":204,"slug":205,"priority":206,"chapter_name":23},1132,"Marco teórico (marco de referencia)","marco-teorico-marco-de-referencia",54,{"id":208,"name":209,"slug":210,"priority":211,"chapter_name":23},1201,"Paradigma socio-crítico","paradigma-socio-critico",55,{"id":213,"name":214,"slug":215,"priority":216,"chapter_name":23},1217,"Investigación","investigacion",56,{"id":218,"name":219,"slug":220,"priority":221,"chapter_name":23},1299,"Diseño observacional","diseno-observacional",57,{"id":223,"name":224,"slug":225,"priority":226,"chapter_name":23},1328,"Multifactorialidad","multifactorialidad",58,{"id":228,"name":229,"slug":230,"priority":231,"chapter_name":23},1342,"Giro interpretativo","giro-interpretativo",59,{"id":233,"name":234,"slug":235,"priority":236,"chapter_name":23},1368,"Abducción científica","abduccion-cientifica",60,{"id":238,"name":239,"slug":240,"priority":241,"chapter_name":23},1402,"Reformulación","reformulacion",61,{"id":53,"name":54,"slug":55,"priority":243,"chapter_name":23},62,{"id":38,"name":39,"slug":40,"priority":245,"chapter_name":23},63,{"id":247,"name":248,"slug":249,"priority":250,"chapter_name":23},1426,"Enfoque multidimensional","enfoque-multidimensional",64,{"id":252,"name":253,"slug":254,"priority":255,"chapter_name":23},1427,"Multidimensionalidad","multidimensionalidad",65,{"id":257,"name":258,"slug":259,"priority":260,"chapter_name":23},1541,"Factores aleatorios","factores-aleatorios",66,{"id":262,"name":263,"slug":264,"priority":265,"chapter_name":23},1611,"Síntesis","sintesis",67,{"id":267,"name":268,"slug":269,"priority":270,"chapter_name":23},1622,"Variable situacional","variable-situacional",68,{"id":272,"name":273,"slug":274,"priority":275,"chapter_name":23},1645,"Análisis empírico","analisis-empirico",69,{"id":277,"name":278,"slug":279,"priority":280,"chapter_name":23},1674,"Verificación empírica (confirmación empírica)","verificacion-empirica-confirmacion-empirica",70,{"id":282,"name":283,"slug":284,"priority":285,"chapter_name":23},1675,"Observación controlada y observación no controlada","observacion-controlada-y-observacion-no-controlada",71,{"id":287,"name":288,"slug":289,"priority":290,"chapter_name":23},1692,"Análisis","analisis",72,{"id":292,"name":293,"slug":294,"priority":295,"chapter_name":23},2049,"Factores ambientales","factores-ambientales",73,{"id":297,"name":298,"slug":299,"priority":300,"chapter_name":23},2059,"Investigación descriptiva","investigacion-descriptiva",74,{"id":302,"name":303,"slug":304,"priority":305,"chapter_name":23},2092,"Referentes conceptuales","referentes-conceptuales",75,{"id":307,"name":308,"slug":309,"priority":310,"chapter_name":23},2110,"Factor biológico","factor-biologico",76,{"id":312,"name":313,"slug":314,"priority":315,"chapter_name":23},2116,"Validez de contenido (validación de contenido)","validez-de-contenido-validacion-de-contenido",86,{"id":317,"name":318,"slug":319,"priority":320,"chapter_name":23},2117,"Validez de constructo (validación de constructo)","validez-de-constructo-validacion-de-constructo",87,{"id":322,"name":323,"slug":324,"priority":325,"chapter_name":23},2118,"Listas de cotejo","listas-de-cotejo",88,{"id":327,"name":328,"slug":329,"priority":330,"chapter_name":23},2119,"Constructo (psicología)","constructo-psicologia",89,{"id":332,"name":333,"slug":334,"priority":335,"chapter_name":23},2132,"Hipótesis causal (hipótesis de dependencia causal, hipótesis de relación causal)","hipotesis-causal-hipotesis-de-dependencia-causal-hipotesis-de-relacion-causal",90,{"id":265,"name":337,"slug":338,"priority":339,"chapter_name":23},"Nivel descriptivo","nivel-descriptivo",132,{"id":341,"name":342,"slug":343,"priority":344,"chapter_name":23},343,"Unidad de análisis","unidad-de-analisis",162,{"id":346,"name":347,"slug":348,"priority":349,"chapter_name":23},2170,"Nivel de análisis","nivel-de-analisis",163,{"id":351,"name":352,"slug":353,"priority":354,"chapter_name":23},2171,"Unidad de observación","unidad-de-observacion",164,{"id":356,"name":357,"slug":358,"priority":359,"chapter_name":23},2242,"Registro continuo (observación)","registro-continuo-observacion",165,{"id":361,"name":362,"slug":363,"priority":364,"chapter_name":23},2279,"Objeto de estudio","objeto-de-estudio",166,{"id":366,"name":367,"slug":368,"priority":369,"chapter_name":23},2289,"Observación semisistemática","observacion-semisistematica",167,{"id":371,"name":372,"slug":373,"priority":374,"chapter_name":23},2319,"Cientificidad","cientificidad",168,{"id":376,"name":377,"slug":378,"priority":379,"chapter_name":23},2320,"Noología (ciencias noológicas)","noologia-ciencias-noologicas",169,{"id":381,"name":382,"slug":383,"priority":384,"chapter_name":23},2327,"Paradigma pragmático","paradigma-pragmatico",170,{"id":386,"name":387,"slug":388,"priority":389,"chapter_name":23},2372,"Método experimental","metodo-experimental",171,{"id":391,"name":392,"slug":393,"priority":394,"chapter_name":23},2382,"Descontextualización","descontextualizacion",172,{"id":396,"name":397,"slug":398,"priority":399,"chapter_name":23},2417,"Nivel explicativo","nivel-explicativo",173,{"id":401,"name":402,"slug":403,"priority":404,"chapter_name":23},2428,"Paradigma negativista","paradigma-negativista",174,{"id":406,"name":407,"slug":408,"priority":409,"chapter_name":23},2440,"Fenómeno multidimensional","fenomeno-multidimensional",175,{"id":411,"name":412,"slug":413,"priority":414,"chapter_name":23},2445,"Marco conceptual","marco-conceptual",176,{"id":416,"name":417,"slug":418,"priority":419,"chapter_name":23},2449,"Encuesta","encuesta",177,{"id":421,"name":422,"slug":423,"priority":424,"chapter_name":23},2616,"Cuestionario","cuestionario",179,{"id":426,"name":427,"slug":428,"priority":429,"chapter_name":23},2702,"Adaptación transcultural","adaptacion-transcultural",180,{"id":431,"name":432,"slug":433,"priority":434,"chapter_name":23},2719,"Conocimiento nomotético","conocimiento-nomotetico",181,{"id":436,"name":437,"slug":438,"priority":439,"chapter_name":23},2720,"Investigación nomotética","investigacion-nomotetica",182,{"id":441,"name":442,"slug":443,"priority":444,"chapter_name":23},2757,"Factor intrapersonal (variable intrapersonal)","factor-intrapersonal-variable-intrapersonal",183,{"id":446,"name":447,"slug":448,"priority":449,"chapter_name":23},2780,"Sistemas socioecológicos, socioecología y enfoque socioecológico (perspectiva socioecológica, paradigma socioecológico)","sistemas-socioecologicos-socioecologia-y-enfoque-socioecologico-perspectiva-socioecologica-paradigma-socioecologico",184,{"id":451,"name":452,"slug":453,"priority":454,"chapter_name":23},2826,"Paradigma decolonial (giro decolonial, decolonialidad, decolonialismo, estudios decoloniales)","paradigma-decolonial-giro-decolonial-decolonialidad-decolonialismo-estudios-decoloniales",185,{"id":456,"name":457,"slug":458,"priority":74,"chapter_name":23},2847,"Diario de campo (cuaderno de campo)","diario-de-campo-cuaderno-de-campo",{"id":460,"name":461,"slug":462,"priority":463,"chapter_name":23},2859,"Multidisciplinar (pluridisciplinar), interdisciplinar, transdisciplinar","multidisciplinar-pluridisciplinar-interdisciplinar-transdisciplinar",187,{"id":465,"name":466,"slug":467,"priority":468,"chapter_name":23},2942,"Hipótesis descriptiva","hipotesis-descriptiva",188,{"id":470,"name":471,"slug":472,"priority":473,"chapter_name":23},2956,"Enfoque holístico","enfoque-holistico",189,{"id":48,"name":49,"slug":50,"priority":475,"chapter_name":23},190,{"id":477,"name":478,"slug":479,"priority":480,"chapter_name":23},3051,"Multiperspectividad","multiperspectividad",191,{"id":43,"name":44,"slug":45,"priority":482,"chapter_name":23},192,{"id":484,"name":485,"slug":486,"priority":487,"chapter_name":23},3085,"Teoría General de Sistemas (Teoría de Sistemas)","teoria-general-de-sistemas-teoria-de-sistemas",193,{"id":489,"name":490,"slug":491,"priority":492,"chapter_name":23},3220,"Campo temático","campo-tematico",194,{"id":494,"name":495,"slug":496,"priority":497,"chapter_name":23},3222,"Paradigma 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