[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":1153},["Reactive",2],{"options:asyncdata:$ogpPUTwkW6:/p/flecha-litoral:0":3},{"page":4,"book":25,"news":1147,"questionSent":19,"questions":1148,"formData":1149,"attachments":22,"chartData":22,"pending":19,"chartOptions":1150,"afspec":19,"aflink":1152},{"id":5,"book_id":6,"chapter_id":7,"name":8,"slug":9,"html":10,"priority":11,"created_at":12,"updated_at":13,"created_by":14,"updated_by":18,"draft":19,"markdown":20,"revision_count":15,"template":19,"owned_by":21,"editor":20,"trends":22,"raw_html":23,"tags":24},4029,11,0,"Flecha litoral","flecha-litoral","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-\">\u003Ca href=\"https://es.gizapedia.org/uploads/images/gallery/2026-02/zsP9KkdnKQ8igVEQ-flecha-de-el-rompido.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003Cimg class=\"align-right\" src=\"https://es.gizapedia.org/uploads/images/gallery/2026-02/scaled-1680-/zsP9KkdnKQ8igVEQ-flecha-de-el-rompido.jpg\" alt=\"Flecha_de_El_Rompido.jpg\" width=\"342\" height=\"230\">\u003C/a>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-imagen%3A-flecha-de-el\">\u003Cem>Imagen: Flecha de El Rompido, en Huelva. \u003C/em>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-una-flecha-litoral-e\">Una \u003Cstrong>flecha litoral\u003C/strong> es una acumulación de sedimentos en el litoral producida por el olejae, las corrientes y le viento, en forma de lengua y que queda unida a la costa por un extremo, a veces ayudada por el saliente que presenta el litoral en dicho extremo. Es un tipo concreto de \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/barra-litoral-cordon-litoral\">barra litoral\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-%C2%A0\"> \u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-cr%C3%A9ditos-de-imagen%3A-\">Créditos de imagen: Eri2009-Commons.\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-%C2%A0-1\"> \u003C/p>",87,"2026-02-22T09:55:22.000000Z","2026-03-08T13:57:13.000000Z",{"id":15,"name":16,"slug":17},1,"Admin","admin",{"id":15,"name":16,"slug":17},false,"",{"id":15,"name":16,"slug":17},null,"\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-\">\u003Ca href=\"https://es.gizapedia.org/uploads/images/gallery/2026-02/zsP9KkdnKQ8igVEQ-flecha-de-el-rompido.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003Cimg class=\"align-right\" src=\"https://es.gizapedia.org/uploads/images/gallery/2026-02/scaled-1680-/zsP9KkdnKQ8igVEQ-flecha-de-el-rompido.jpg\" alt=\"Flecha_de_El_Rompido.jpg\" width=\"342\" height=\"230\">\u003C/a>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-imagen%3A-flecha-de-el\">\u003Cem>Imagen: Flecha de El Rompido, en Huelva. \u003C/em>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-una-flecha-litoral-e\">Una \u003Cstrong>flecha litoral\u003C/strong> es una acumulación de sedimentos en el litoral producida por el olejae, las corrientes y le viento, en forma de lengua y que queda unida a la costa por un extremo, a veces ayudada por el saliente que presenta el litoral en dicho extremo. Es un tipo concreto de \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/barra-litoral-cordon-litoral\">barra litoral\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>.\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-%C2%A0\"> \u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-cr%C3%A9ditos-de-imagen%3A-\">Créditos de imagen: Eri2009-Commons.\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-%C2%A0-1\"> \u003C/p>",[],{"id":6,"name":26,"slug":27,"description":20,"created_at":28,"updated_at":28,"created_by":15,"updated_by":15,"owned_by":15,"default_template_id":22,"pages":29,"index":60,"shelves":1140},"Geografía general","geografia-general","2023-05-07T12:43:44.000000Z",[30,35,40,45,50,55],{"id":31,"name":32,"slug":33,"html":34},1555,"Fenómenos atmosféricos","fenomenos-atmosfericos","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-los-fen%C3%B3menos-atmosf\">Los \u003Cstrong>fenómenos atmosféricos\u003C/strong> son aquellos fenómenos, sucesos, eventos, características o procesos, que se desarrollan en la atmósfera, tanto de corta duración (a veces, segundos) como a largo plazo (miles de años), a escala local (un chaparrón) o planetaria (el calentamiento global). Cuando son fenómenos más o menos locales y de corta duración se denominan fenómenos meteorológicos, como son la lluvia, la nubosidad y  la temperatura. A escala mayor y a largo plazo, se denominan fenómenos climáticos.\u003C/p>",{"id":36,"name":37,"slug":38,"html":39},2947,"Barra litoral (cordón litoral)","barra-litoral-cordon-litoral","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-las-barras-litorales\">\u003Cspan id=\"bkmrk-las-barras-litorales-1\" class=\"form-control-text textarea\" style=\"display: block;\" role=\"textbox\">\u003Ca href=\"https://es.gizapedia.org/uploads/images/gallery/2025-03/h0CZ1k29NcqwsG8A-vistula-lagoon.jpeg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003Cimg class=\"align-right\" src=\"https://es.gizapedia.org/uploads/images/gallery/2025-03/scaled-1680-/h0CZ1k29NcqwsG8A-vistula-lagoon.jpeg\" alt=\"Vistula_Lagoon.jpeg\" width=\"389\" height=\"292\">\u003C/a>Las \u003Cstrong>barras litorales o cordones litorales \u003C/strong>son depósitos de sedimentos (arena, gravilla o grava) que se forman en el litoral como consecuencia de la dinámica de las corrientes marinas y el oleaje, de forma larga y generalmente estrecha. Son de pequeña elevación sobre el nivel del mar, quedan frecuentemente por debajo de este con la marea alta. Su tipología es amplia, pudiendo formar \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/tombolo\">tómbolos\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>, cuando unen una isla a tierra firme o dos islas; una \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/flecha-litoral\">flecha litoral\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>, cuando se unen por un extremo a la costa formando un gancho o punta de flecha en el otro extremo, o una isla barrera, entre otros. \u003Cbr>\u003C/span>\u003C/p>",{"id":41,"name":42,"slug":43,"html":44},471,"Densificación urbana","densificacion-urbana","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-la-densificaci%C3%B3n-urb\">La \u003Cstrong>densificación urbana\u003C/strong> es el conjunto de políticas, estrategias y procesos de utilización y aprovechamiento del suelo urbano de una forma más intensiva y eficiente, concentrando actividades y ciudadanos. Los objetivos de la densificación son múltiples: por un lado, se busca limitar el desarrollo en extensión de las sociedad, reduciendi de esta forma las distancias y tiempos de movilidad, en aras de la sostenibilidad; por otro, la densificación genera economías de aglomeración, creando asimismo sinergias entre actividades y agentes económicos cercanos. Asimismo, la densificación puede favorecer la interacción social entre ciudadanos, frente al aislamiento social que generan las zonas residenciales de baja densidad, aunque también puede llegar a generar conflictos. Los procesos de densificación son adecuados sobre todo en ciudades en vías desarrollo, donde se produce un crecimiento de población y extensión urbana de forma rápida. Para ello, los edificios de viviendas colectivas, la verticalización y la uso mixto de suelo urbano (residencial/comercial/industrial/equipamiento) son las soluciones más habituales.\u003C/p>",{"id":46,"name":47,"slug":48,"html":49},1890,"Plataforma de abrasión","plataforma-de-abrasion","\u003Cdiv class=\"row\" id=\"bkmrk-\">\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"col-md-12 col-xs-12\">\u003Ca href=\"https://es.gizapedia.org/uploads/images/gallery/2024-03/9j00wvg5McoU5puB-basque-coast-geopark-flysch-063.jpeg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003Cimg src=\"https://es.gizapedia.org/uploads/images/gallery/2024-03/scaled-1680-/9j00wvg5McoU5puB-basque-coast-geopark-flysch-063.jpeg\" alt=\"Basque_Coast_Geopark-Flysch_06(3).jpeg\">\u003C/a>\u003C/div>\r\n\u003C/div>\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"col-md-12 col-xs-12\" id=\"bkmrk--1\">\u003C/div>\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"col-md-12 col-xs-12\" id=\"bkmrk-imagen%3A-plataforma-d\">\u003Cem>Imagen: Plataforma de abrasión, en Zumaia, País Vasco. Pueden observarse los cantos rodados, con origen en el acantilado que va retrocediendo y  un desgaste notable por el embate marino que origina que cohqoeu unas contra otras produciéndose un efecto de abrasión o desgaste. Créditos: Pacopac-Commons. \u003C/em>\u003C/div>\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"col-md-12 col-xs-12\" id=\"bkmrk--2\">\u003C/div>\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"row\" id=\"bkmrk-la%C2%A0plataforma-de-abr\">\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"col-md-12 col-xs-12\">La \u003Cstrong>plataforma de abrasión\u003C/strong> es una zona rocosa llana o de baja pendiente que se extiende desde el pie de un acantilado hasta el nivel de la costa donde se rompen las olas, causada por la erosión que produce el oleaje y la consiguiente colisión entre las rocas. Surgen como consecuencia del retroceso de los acantilados, que van soltando rocas que caen hacia el nivel del oleaje, para a continuación sufrir el embate de las olas. Coincide en gran medida con la rasa mareal.\u003Cbr>\u003C/div>\r\n\u003C/div>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-%C2%A0\"> \u003C/p>",{"id":51,"name":52,"slug":53,"html":54},3385,"Servicios urbanos","servicios-urbanos","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-los-servicios-urbano\">Los \u003Cstrong>servicios urbanos\u003C/strong> son aquellas actividades que satisfacen necesidades colectivas de los habitantes de una ciudad, entre ellos el abastecimiento de agua y energía, la gestión de residuos, el transporte público y  las telecomunicaciones. Los ejes principales de los servicios urbanos deben ser la universalidad y la igualdad, esto es, todos los ciudadanos deben tener acceso en las misma medida  y con el mismo nivel de calidad a los servicios urbanos; además, la eficiencia económica y la sostenbilidad también deben ser criterios básicos en la prestación y gestión de dichos servicios. \u003C/p>",{"id":56,"name":57,"slug":58,"html":59},2147,"Escala numérica (mapas y planos)","escala-numerica-mapas-y-planos","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-la-escala-num%C3%A9rica-e\">\u003Ca href=\"https://es.gizapedia.org/uploads/images/gallery/2024-07/PpWGl4y7fz5ZAGrX-zenbakizko-eskala-1.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003Cimg src=\"https://es.gizapedia.org/uploads/images/gallery/2024-07/scaled-1680-/PpWGl4y7fz5ZAGrX-zenbakizko-eskala-1.png\" alt=\"zenbakizko_eskala-1.png\">\u003C/a>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-la%C2%A0escala-num%C3%A9rica-e\">La \u003Cstrong>escala numérica\u003C/strong> es un tipo de \u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/escala-cartografica\">escala cartográfica\u003C/a> representada por una razón o proporción entre distancias en el mapa y distancias reales. Dicha escala debe indicarse en todo mapa o plano que tenga entre sus objetivos proporcionar distancias precisas. Por ejemplo, una escala E 1:100.000 indica que una distancia de 1cm en el mapa corresponde a una distancia de 1cmx100.000=100.000cm=1km en la realidad. Se denomina \u003Cstrong>factor de escala\u003C/strong> a la constante de multiplicación para pasar de la distancia del mapa a la distancia real (en el ejemplo 100.000). Las escalas numéricas son generalmente de reducción, y de esa forma las hemos definido anteriormente, pero para representar objetos pequeños se utiliza la escala de ampliación; por ejemplo la escala numérica E 100:1 indica, que el objeto representado es 100 veces más grande que en la realidad. Por último, las escalas numéricas no son siempre referidas a la unidad y que a veces conviene establecerlas mediante fracciones complejas; por ejemplo la escala E 2:5 indica que 5 veces la distancia en el plano equivale a 2 veces la distancia real. La escala numérica es una de las formas de expresar la \u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/escala-cartografica\">escala cartográfica\u003C/a>, junto con la \u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/escala-grafica\">escala gráfica\u003C/a> y la escala de texto.\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"":61},[62,66,70,75,80,85,90,95,100,105,110,115,119,124,129,134,139,144,149,154,159,161,166,171,176,181,186,191,196,201,206,211,216,221,226,231,236,241,246,251,256,261,266,271,276,281,286,291,296,301,306,311,316,321,326,331,336,341,346,351,356,361,366,371,373,378,383,387,392,397,402,407,412,417,422,427,432,437,442,444,449,454,459,464,469,474,476,481,482,487,492,497,501,506,511,516,521,526,531,536,541,546,551,556,561,566,571,576,580,585,590,595,600,605,610,615,620,625,630,635,640,645,650,655,660,665,670,675,680,685,690,695,700,705,710,715,720,725,729,734,739,744,749,754,759,764,769,774,779,784,789,794,799,804,809,814,819,824,829,834,839,844,849,854,859,864,866,871,876,880,885,890,895,899,903,908,913,918,923,928,932,937,942,947,952,957,962,967,972,977,982,987,989,994,999,1004,1009,1014,1019,1024,1029,1034,1039,1044,1049,1054,1058,1062,1067,1071,1076,1081,1086,1091,1095,1100,1105,1110,1115,1120,1125,1130,1135],{"id":63,"name":64,"slug":65,"priority":7,"chapter_name":22},373,"Acción antrópica (actividad antrópica)","accion-antropica-actividad-antropica",{"id":67,"name":68,"slug":69,"priority":15,"chapter_name":22},648,"Aceleración urbana","aceleracion-urbana",{"id":71,"name":72,"slug":73,"priority":74,"chapter_name":22},3856,"Actividad agrícola","actividad-agricola",2,{"id":76,"name":77,"slug":78,"priority":79,"chapter_name":22},1147,"Afelio y perihelio","afelio-y-perihelio",3,{"id":81,"name":82,"slug":83,"priority":84,"chapter_name":22},213,"Agricultura","agricultura",4,{"id":86,"name":87,"slug":88,"priority":89,"chapter_name":22},2725,"Aguas oceánicas","aguas-oceanicas",5,{"id":91,"name":92,"slug":93,"priority":94,"chapter_name":22},1114,"Aguas superficiales","aguas-superficiales",6,{"id":96,"name":97,"slug":98,"priority":99,"chapter_name":22},438,"Albufera","albufera",7,{"id":101,"name":102,"slug":103,"priority":104,"chapter_name":22},2189,"Altiplano","altiplano",8,{"id":106,"name":107,"slug":108,"priority":109,"chapter_name":22},2177,"Altitud","altitud",9,{"id":111,"name":112,"slug":113,"priority":114,"chapter_name":22},2115,"Altitud geográfica y altitud media","altitud-geografica-y-altitud-media",10,{"id":116,"name":117,"slug":118,"priority":6,"chapter_name":22},179,"Amenazas locales y amenazas globales","amenazas-locales-y-amenazas-globales",{"id":120,"name":121,"slug":122,"priority":123,"chapter_name":22},1587,"Amplitud térmica (oscilación térmica)","amplitud-termica-oscilacion-termica",12,{"id":125,"name":126,"slug":127,"priority":128,"chapter_name":22},3013,"Anecúmene","anecumene",13,{"id":130,"name":131,"slug":132,"priority":133,"chapter_name":22},3354,"Antroposfera","antroposfera",14,{"id":135,"name":136,"slug":137,"priority":138,"chapter_name":22},1772,"Área metropolitana","area-metropolitana",15,{"id":140,"name":141,"slug":142,"priority":143,"chapter_name":22},1800,"Arroyo","arroyo",16,{"id":145,"name":146,"slug":147,"priority":148,"chapter_name":22},2163,"Astro rey","astro-rey",17,{"id":150,"name":151,"slug":152,"priority":153,"chapter_name":22},173,"Atractividad urbana","atractividad-urbana",18,{"id":155,"name":156,"slug":157,"priority":158,"chapter_name":22},3749,"Atributos geográficos (atributos del espacio geográficos)","atributos-geograficos-atributos-del-espacio-geograficos",19,{"id":36,"name":37,"slug":38,"priority":160,"chapter_name":22},20,{"id":162,"name":163,"slug":164,"priority":165,"chapter_name":22},3436,"Barrio (geografía urbana)","barrio-geografia-urbana",21,{"id":167,"name":168,"slug":169,"priority":170,"chapter_name":22},208,"Barrio chino","barrio-chino",22,{"id":172,"name":173,"slug":174,"priority":175,"chapter_name":22},2813,"Barrios obreros","barrios-obreros",23,{"id":177,"name":178,"slug":179,"priority":180,"chapter_name":22},3437,"Bioma","bioma",24,{"id":182,"name":183,"slug":184,"priority":185,"chapter_name":22},1065,"Bloque exento (edificio exento)","bloque-exento-edificio-exento",25,{"id":187,"name":188,"slug":189,"priority":190,"chapter_name":22},1837,"Bocage","bocage",26,{"id":192,"name":193,"slug":194,"priority":195,"chapter_name":22},2113,"Caladero de pesca","caladero-de-pesca",27,{"id":197,"name":198,"slug":199,"priority":200,"chapter_name":22},3418,"Cambio climático","cambio-climatico",28,{"id":202,"name":203,"slug":204,"priority":205,"chapter_name":22},239,"Campos abiertos (openfield)","campos-abiertos-openfield",29,{"id":207,"name":208,"slug":209,"priority":210,"chapter_name":22},1836,"Campos cerrados","campos-cerrados",30,{"id":212,"name":213,"slug":214,"priority":215,"chapter_name":22},2331,"Capital económica","capital-economica",31,{"id":217,"name":218,"slug":219,"priority":220,"chapter_name":22},1298,"Cárcavas","carcavas",32,{"id":222,"name":223,"slug":224,"priority":225,"chapter_name":22},485,"Carretera secundaria","carretera-secundaria",33,{"id":227,"name":228,"slug":229,"priority":230,"chapter_name":22},2405,"Carretera terciaria","carretera-terciaria",34,{"id":232,"name":233,"slug":234,"priority":235,"chapter_name":22},3108,"Casquete glaciar","casquete-glaciar",35,{"id":237,"name":238,"slug":239,"priority":240,"chapter_name":22},1663,"Casquetes polares","casquetes-polares",36,{"id":242,"name":243,"slug":244,"priority":245,"chapter_name":22},1010,"Caudal hidrológico","caudal-hidrologico",37,{"id":247,"name":248,"slug":249,"priority":250,"chapter_name":22},2448,"Círculo máximo","circulo-maximo",38,{"id":252,"name":253,"slug":254,"priority":255,"chapter_name":22},1689,"Ciudad compacta","ciudad-compacta",39,{"id":257,"name":258,"slug":259,"priority":260,"chapter_name":22},168,"Ciudad dispersa (ciudad difusa)","ciudad-dispersa-ciudad-difusa",40,{"id":262,"name":263,"slug":264,"priority":265,"chapter_name":22},1905,"Ciudad minera","ciudad-minera",41,{"id":267,"name":268,"slug":269,"priority":270,"chapter_name":22},1885,"Ciudad portuaria","ciudad-portuaria",42,{"id":272,"name":273,"slug":274,"priority":275,"chapter_name":22},3014,"Ciudad satélite","ciudad-satelite",43,{"id":277,"name":278,"slug":279,"priority":280,"chapter_name":22},1908,"Ciudad universitaria","ciudad-universitaria",44,{"id":282,"name":283,"slug":284,"priority":285,"chapter_name":22},4018,"Ciudad-región","ciudad-region",45,{"id":287,"name":288,"slug":289,"priority":290,"chapter_name":22},3703,"Cobertura vegetal (cubierta vegetal)","cobertura-vegetal-cubierta-vegetal",46,{"id":292,"name":293,"slug":294,"priority":295,"chapter_name":22},3857,"Comarca","comarca",47,{"id":297,"name":298,"slug":299,"priority":300,"chapter_name":22},2217,"Comunidad suburbana","comunidad-suburbana",48,{"id":302,"name":303,"slug":304,"priority":305,"chapter_name":22},2686,"Cono de deyección","cono-de-deyeccion",49,{"id":307,"name":308,"slug":309,"priority":310,"chapter_name":22},1564,"Continente","continente",50,{"id":312,"name":313,"slug":314,"priority":315,"chapter_name":22},1774,"Conurbación (conurbanización)","conurbacion-conurbanizacion",51,{"id":317,"name":318,"slug":319,"priority":320,"chapter_name":22},851,"Coordenadas 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