[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":1853},["Reactive",2],{"options:asyncdata:$ogpPUTwkW6:/p/falsa-meritocracia:0":3},{"page":4,"book":26,"news":1847,"questionSent":19,"questions":1848,"formData":1849,"attachments":23,"chartData":23,"pending":19,"chartOptions":1850,"afspec":19,"aflink":1852},{"id":5,"book_id":6,"chapter_id":7,"name":8,"slug":9,"html":10,"priority":11,"created_at":12,"updated_at":13,"created_by":14,"updated_by":18,"draft":19,"markdown":20,"revision_count":21,"template":19,"owned_by":22,"editor":20,"trends":23,"raw_html":24,"tags":25},3970,4,0,"Falsa meritocracia","falsa-meritocracia","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-la-falsa-meritocraci\">La \u003Cstrong>falsa meritocracia\u003C/strong> es un disfemismo o expresión peyorativa utilizada para denominar al discurso falaz que afirma que la motivación, el esfuerzo y el talento son los factores primordiales para el éxito personal, ignorando al mismo factores sociales estructurales como la clase social, la red de contactos, el género, el racismo u otro tipo de discriminación. La difusión y extensión del discurso de la falsa meritocracia, al no corresponderse con la realidad,  genera frustración y culpabilidad entre las personas que creen en la meritocracia y se esfuerzan por mejorar cuando finalmente no consiguen los objetivos que se habían fijado, además de perpetuar las desigualdades sociales, al no considerar el cambio social o político como herramientas para mejorar la vida de cada uno de nosotros. La falsa meritocracia se integra generalmente dentro de un discurso reaccionario y neoliberal, que no critica el sistema capitalista como sistema socioeconómico que genera inevitablemente injusticia.\u003C/p>",355,"2026-01-23T16:47:30.000000Z","2026-01-24T16:48:08.000000Z",{"id":15,"name":16,"slug":17},1,"Admin","admin",{"id":15,"name":16,"slug":17},false,"",2,{"id":15,"name":16,"slug":17},null,"\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-la-falsa-meritocraci\">La \u003Cstrong>falsa meritocracia\u003C/strong> es un disfemismo o expresión peyorativa utilizada para denominar al discurso falaz que afirma que la motivación, el esfuerzo y el talento son los factores primordiales para el éxito personal, ignorando al mismo factores sociales estructurales como la clase social, la red de contactos, el género, el racismo u otro tipo de discriminación. La difusión y extensión del discurso de la falsa meritocracia, al no corresponderse con la realidad,  genera frustración y culpabilidad entre las personas que creen en la meritocracia y se esfuerzan por mejorar cuando finalmente no consiguen los objetivos que se habían fijado, además de perpetuar las desigualdades sociales, al no considerar el cambio social o político como herramientas para mejorar la vida de cada uno de nosotros. La falsa meritocracia se integra generalmente dentro de un discurso reaccionario y neoliberal, que no critica el sistema capitalista como sistema socioeconómico que genera inevitablemente injusticia.\u003C/p>",[],{"id":6,"name":27,"slug":28,"description":20,"created_at":29,"updated_at":30,"created_by":15,"updated_by":15,"owned_by":15,"default_template_id":23,"pages":31,"index":62,"shelves":1840},"Sociología general","sociologia-general","2023-05-06T08:33:26.000000Z","2023-05-07T12:04:50.000000Z",[32,37,42,47,52,57],{"id":33,"name":34,"slug":35,"html":36},217,"Antisemitismo","antisemitismo","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-el%C2%A0antisemitismo-es-\">El \u003Cstrong>antisemitismo\u003C/strong> es la discriminación, odio, hostilidad y agresividad contra los judíos como comunidad, pueblo, religión o supuesta raza. Se trata de una actitud desarrollada desde la antigüedad, cuando hacia el siglo I antes de Cristo los antiguos romanos ocuparon el territorio habitado por los judíos y realizaron campañas de guerra contra los judíos; tanto estos ataques, que perseguían la subordinación y dominación de los judíos, como el hecho diferencial que situaba al judaísmo como religión monoteísta, como opuesto al paganismo politeísta habitual entre los romanos, provocaron una persecución contra la población judía y su identidad colectiva. Estos ataques contra los judíos condujeron a la diáspora judía, unas veces como exiliados y otras como esclavos. Hay que decir que los judíos también vivieron el exilio en el siglo VIII a. C., cuando los asirios vencieron a los judíos y los deportaron a Mesopotamia.\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-la-oposici%C3%B3n-a-los-j\">La oposición a los judíos continuó con el cristianismo, especialmente porque los judíos, formando comunidades exiliadas a lo largo y ancho de Europa, fueron considerados culpables de la muerte de Cristo, actitud que se extendió durante la Edad Media hasta la Edad Moderna, aumentando la desconfianza que suscitaban las comunidades judías que vivían aparte profesando otra religión diferente a la cristiana. Precisamente en la Edad Media y en la Edad Moderna eran frecuentes los \u003Cem>pogroms\u003C/em> o ataques colectivos contra los judíos. Por otra parte, en 1492 los judíos fueron expulsados por edicto de los Reyes Católicos de Castilla y Aragón, episodio notorio en la persecución histórica contra aquellos.\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-en-el-siglo-xix-se-a\">En el siglo XIX se acentuó el discurso contra los judíos. Los términos \u003Cem>antisemita \u003C/em> y\u003Cem> antisemitismo, \u003C/em>como actitudes contrarias a lo judío, surgieron en Alemania a finales del siglo XIX para dar un tinte político al odio ancestral contra los judíos, por un lado contra el poder que los judíos estaban adquiriendo en la sociedad como burguesía, y en tambiñen referencia a su supuesta impureza de sangre, en el marco de un discurso racialista. Estos discursos se fueron extendiendo por Europa y los\u003Cem> pogroms\u003C/em> se multiplicaron. El nazismo, como ideología totalitaria, fijó el antisemitismo como uno de sus principios principales y así se llevaron a cabo uno de los mayores estragos de la historia, el Holocausto, en el contexto de la Segunda Guerra Mundial (1939-1945), cuando se asesinaron sistemáticamente a millones de judíos en campos de concentración y exterminio. El Holocausto, su crueldad e inhumanidad, removió el fondo de la conciencia colectiva en muchos países, y desde entonces el antisemitismo ha sido considerado una ideología especialmente inhumana y peligrosa; hoy día, en muchos países modernos está fuera de la ley el difundir mensajes contra los judíos y cualquier otro tipo de expresiones antisemitas, aunque entre algunos sectores políticos minoritarios e incluso gobiernos abundan y se fomentan aún esos discursos de odio contra lo judío. En resumen, la desrazón del antisemitismo puede definirse así, a través de una frase habitual en inglés:\u003Cem> the dislike of the unlike\u003C/em> o rechazo de lo diferente; ahí radica su inhumanidad, precisamente en considerar que no todos somos iguales, y que ello justifica la violencia contra los que son diferentes, siendo el pueblo judío una mera excusa para ponerla en práctica.\u003C/p>",{"id":38,"name":39,"slug":40,"html":41},2254,"Orientación de género","orientacion-de-genero","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-no-se-debe-confundir\">\u003Cem>No se debe confundir ni con \u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/identidad-de-genero\">identidad de género\u003C/a> ni con \u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/expresion-de-genero\">expresión de género\u003C/a>. \u003C/em>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-las-investigaciones-\">Las investigaciones y estudios con \u003Cstrong>orientación de género\u003C/strong> son aquellas que se realizan segmentando los resultados en relación al género, masculino y femenino, de la persona, con el objetivo de establecer la posible desigualdad que existen entre ellos. Por extensión, la orientación de género puede referirse también a la propia desigualdad y discriminación por género que evidencian dichos estudios. \u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-puede-intmeresarte-t\">\u003Cstrong>Puede intmeresarte también\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cul id=\"bkmrk-evidencia-de-g%C3%A9nero\">\r\n\u003Cli class=\"null\">\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/evidencia-de-genero-estadisticas-de-genero\">\u003Cstrong>Evidencia de género\u003C/strong>\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003Cli class=\"null\">\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/nucleo-generico\">\u003Cstrong>Núcleo genérico\u003C/strong>\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-%C2%A0\">\u003C/p>",{"id":43,"name":44,"slug":45,"html":46},987,"Sujeto colectivo (sujeto grupal)","sujeto-colectivo-sujeto-grupal","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-un-sujeto-colectivo-\">Un \u003Cstrong>sujeto colectivo o sujeto grupal\u003C/strong> es un conjunto de personas individuales de las que se hace abstracción de su individualidad y por tanto de las características específicas de cada una de ellas, considerándose como una unidad de estudio más o menos compacta. El concepto opuesto sería el de \u003Cstrong>sujeto individual\u003C/strong>. Los sujetos colectivos o sujetos grupales se consideran especialmente en estudios de tipo macro o sistémico, como unidades con cierta variabilidad interna pero que actúan de forma única, homogénea y coordinada, en base a los principios de comportamiento establecidos por la cultura y la ideología imperantes, de  modo que puede afirmarse que los sujetos colectivos como unidades de estudio parten de un determinismo social y antropológico.\u003C/p>",{"id":48,"name":49,"slug":50,"html":51},2308,"Espacio social","espacio-social","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-el-espacio-social-es\">El \u003Cstrong>espacio social \u003C/strong>es aquel que partiendo del espacio físico o geográfico lo transciende y lo convierte en espacio en el que desarrollan las interacciones económicas y sociales de los individuos en sociedad, partiendo de una estructuración primaria en base a  intereses y relaciones de poder,  y reflejándose y haciéndose realidad posteriormente a través de dominaciones, apropiaciones, desobediencias y rebeliones. De esta forma, el espacio social, lejos de ser una realidad geográfica física absoluta y estable, es temporal, dinámico y dialéctico, desarrollándose en su interior continuamente subespacios específicos con interacciones internas y relaciones cambiantes con otros subespacios en función de las necesidades tanto de los sujetos que operan en él como del propio espacio. En este sentido, el espacio social, si bien nace en cierto momento como respuesta a unas relaciones sociales, su desarrollo a partir de cierto nivel de complejidad le hace adquirir carta de naturaleza propia, moldeando a su vez las relaciones económicas y sociales.\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-un-ejemplo-paradigm%C3%A1\">Un ejemplo paradigmático de espacio social de gran transcendencia y complejidad en el mundo actual es la ciudad, desarrollada por urbanistas a instancias de los políticos con unos objetivos que van más allá de la creación de un hábitat para los ciudadanos y son llamados a satisfacer los intereses de ciertas élites, representada a través de un imaginario en función de esos intereses,  a la vez realidad homogénea y perfectamente localizable, pero organizada, dividida, segregada, controlada, reprimida, apropiada y reapropiada continuamente, y que finalmente \"se come\" a sus habitantes, ya que necesita gobernarse y recrearse pasando por encima de aquellos para desarrollarse.\u003C/p>",{"id":53,"name":54,"slug":55,"html":56},3310,"Clase media baja","clase-media-baja","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-la-clase-social-medi\">La \u003Cstrong>clase social media baja o clase media baja\u003C/strong> es el sector de la clase media más próximo a la clase baja, formado principalmente por trabajadores comunes con rentas relativamente bajas.\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-puede-interesarte-ta\">\u003Cstrong>Puede interesarte también\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cul id=\"bkmrk-clase-media-alta\">\r\n\u003Cli class=\"null\">\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/clase-media-alta\">\u003Cstrong>Clase media alta\u003C/strong>\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>",{"id":58,"name":59,"slug":60,"html":61},3457,"Tratamiento social","tratamiento-social","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-el-tratamiento-socia\">El \u003Cstrong>tratamiento social\u003C/strong> es el conjunto de acciones y decisiones que se adoptan con el objetivo de dar solución a problemas sociales, como la exclusión, pobreza, vulnerabilidad, discriminación, a nivel individual, grupal o comunitario. En la base del tratamiento social de los problemas concretos se encuentra una política social, definida por principios y criterios generales de actuación. \u003C/p>",{"":63},[64,68,72,77,81,85,89,94,99,104,109,114,119,121,126,131,136,141,146,151,155,160,165,170,174,179,184,189,194,199,204,209,214,219,224,229,234,239,244,249,254,259,264,269,274,279,284,289,294,299,304,309,314,318,323,327,332,336,341,345,349,353,358,362,365,369,374,378,383,387,391,396,401,406,411,416,421,426,431,436,441,446,451,456,460,465,470,475,480,485,490,495,500,505,510,515,520,525,530,535,540,545,550,555,560,565,570,575,580,585,590,595,599,604,609,614,619,624,629,634,639,644,649,654,659,664,668,673,678,683,688,693,698,703,707,712,717,722,727,731,736,741,746,751,756,761,766,771,776,781,786,790,795,800,805,810,815,820,825,830,835,840,845,850,855,860,865,870,875,880,884,889,894,899,904,909,914,918,923,928,933,938,943,947,952,957,962,967,972,976,981,984,986,991,996,1001,1006,1011,1016,1021,1026,1031,1036,1041,1046,1049,1053,1058,1062,1067,1072,1077,1082,1087,1092,1097,1102,1106,1111,1116,1121,1126,1131,1136,1141,1145,1150,1155,1159,1164,1169,1174,1179,1184,1189,1194,1199,1204,1209,1213,1218,1223,1228,1233,1238,1243,1248,1253,1258,1263,1268,1270,1275,1280,1285,1289,1294,1299,1304,1305,1310,1315,1320,1325,1330,1335,1339,1343,1348,1353,1358,1363,1368,1373,1378,1383,1387,1392,1397,1402,1407,1412,1417,1422,1427,1432,1437,1442,1447,1452,1457,1462,1467,1471,1476,1481,1486,1491,1496,1501,1506,1511,1516,1521,1526,1531,1536,1540,1545,1550,1555,1560,1565,1570,1575,1579,1584,1589,1594,1599,1604,1609,1613,1614,1619,1624,1629,1634,1639,1644,1648,1653,1658,1660,1664,1669,1674,1679,1684,1689,1693,1698,1703,1708,1712,1717,1722,1726,1731,1736,1741,1746,1751,1756,1761,1766,1771,1776,1781,1786,1791,1796,1800,1805,1810,1815,1820,1821,1826,1830,1835],{"id":65,"name":66,"slug":67,"priority":15,"chapter_name":23},1053,"Acción social","accion-social",{"id":69,"name":70,"slug":71,"priority":21,"chapter_name":23},1049,"Actor social","actor-social",{"id":73,"name":74,"slug":75,"priority":76,"chapter_name":23},536,"Adaptación social","adaptacion-social",3,{"id":78,"name":79,"slug":80,"priority":76,"chapter_name":23},1590,"Ambigüedad de rol","ambiguedad-de-rol",{"id":82,"name":83,"slug":84,"priority":6,"chapter_name":23},128,"Interdependencia","interdependencia",{"id":86,"name":87,"slug":88,"priority":6,"chapter_name":23},1212,"Agente social","agente-social",{"id":90,"name":91,"slug":92,"priority":93,"chapter_name":23},1113,"Agentes socializadores","agentes-socializadores",5,{"id":95,"name":96,"slug":97,"priority":98,"chapter_name":23},303,"Alarma social","alarma-social",6,{"id":100,"name":101,"slug":102,"priority":103,"chapter_name":23},1267,"Alimentos básicos (alimentos de primera necesidad)","alimentos-basicos-alimentos-de-primera-necesidad",7,{"id":105,"name":106,"slug":107,"priority":108,"chapter_name":23},407,"Alunizaje: una actividad de dinámica de grupos, liderazgo, consenso y priorización","alunizaje-una-actividad-de-dinamica-de-grupos-liderazgo-consenso-y-priorizacion",8,{"id":110,"name":111,"slug":112,"priority":113,"chapter_name":23},701,"Ambiente social (entorno social)","ambiente-social-entorno-social",9,{"id":115,"name":116,"slug":117,"priority":118,"chapter_name":23},1070,"Amenazas globales","amenazas-globales",10,{"id":33,"name":34,"slug":35,"priority":120,"chapter_name":23},11,{"id":122,"name":123,"slug":124,"priority":125,"chapter_name":23},350,"Apoyo social","apoyo-social",12,{"id":127,"name":128,"slug":129,"priority":130,"chapter_name":23},1125,"Barbarie","barbarie",13,{"id":132,"name":133,"slug":134,"priority":135,"chapter_name":23},1042,"Bien común","bien-comun",14,{"id":137,"name":138,"slug":139,"priority":140,"chapter_name":23},468,"Binarismo de género (definición)","binarismo-de-genero-definicion",15,{"id":142,"name":143,"slug":144,"priority":145,"chapter_name":23},311,"Brecha generacional (brecha intergeneracional)","brecha-generacional-brecha-intergeneracional",16,{"id":147,"name":148,"slug":149,"priority":150,"chapter_name":23},328,"Burbuja mediática","burbuja-mediatica",17,{"id":152,"name":153,"slug":154,"priority":150,"chapter_name":23},1243,"Emisor de rol","emisor-de-rol",{"id":156,"name":157,"slug":158,"priority":159,"chapter_name":23},115,"Burguesía monopolista","burguesia-monopolista",18,{"id":161,"name":162,"slug":163,"priority":164,"chapter_name":23},1122,"Burguesía oligárquica","burguesia-oligarquica",19,{"id":166,"name":167,"slug":168,"priority":169,"chapter_name":23},541,"Interconexión","interconexion",20,{"id":171,"name":172,"slug":173,"priority":169,"chapter_name":23},1108,"Burocracia","burocracia",{"id":175,"name":176,"slug":177,"priority":178,"chapter_name":23},628,"Calidad de vida","calidad-de-vida",21,{"id":180,"name":181,"slug":182,"priority":183,"chapter_name":23},395,"Cambio social","cambio-social",22,{"id":185,"name":186,"slug":187,"priority":188,"chapter_name":23},1533,"Cambio transicional","cambio-transicional",23,{"id":190,"name":191,"slug":192,"priority":193,"chapter_name":23},194,"Campaña mediática","campana-mediatica",24,{"id":195,"name":196,"slug":197,"priority":198,"chapter_name":23},1547,"Capacitismo","capacitismo",25,{"id":200,"name":201,"slug":202,"priority":203,"chapter_name":23},410,"Ceguera cultural","ceguera-cultural",26,{"id":205,"name":206,"slug":207,"priority":208,"chapter_name":23},413,"Circulación de las élites","circulacion-de-las-elites",27,{"id":210,"name":211,"slug":212,"priority":213,"chapter_name":23},244,"Clase obrera","clase-obrera",28,{"id":215,"name":216,"slug":217,"priority":218,"chapter_name":23},594,"Clase social","clase-social",29,{"id":220,"name":221,"slug":222,"priority":223,"chapter_name":23},999,"Clase trabajadora","clase-trabajadora",30,{"id":225,"name":226,"slug":227,"priority":228,"chapter_name":23},786,"Comunidad científica","comunidad-cientifica",31,{"id":230,"name":231,"slug":232,"priority":233,"chapter_name":23},974,"Comunidad religiosa","comunidad-religiosa",32,{"id":235,"name":236,"slug":237,"priority":238,"chapter_name":23},894,"Comunidad rural","comunidad-rural",33,{"id":240,"name":241,"slug":242,"priority":243,"chapter_name":23},595,"Comunidad urbana","comunidad-urbana",34,{"id":245,"name":246,"slug":247,"priority":248,"chapter_name":23},895,"Comunidad virtual","comunidad-virtual",35,{"id":250,"name":251,"slug":252,"priority":253,"chapter_name":23},526,"Concepto de racionalidad según Max Weber","concepto-de-racionalidad-segun-max-weber",36,{"id":255,"name":256,"slug":257,"priority":258,"chapter_name":23},1549,"Conciencia ecológica (conciencia medioambiental)","conciencia-ecologica-conciencia-medioambiental",37,{"id":260,"name":261,"slug":262,"priority":263,"chapter_name":23},1283,"Condiciones infrahumanas","condiciones-infrahumanas",38,{"id":265,"name":266,"slug":267,"priority":268,"chapter_name":23},54,"Conducta antisocial","conducta-antisocial",39,{"id":270,"name":271,"slug":272,"priority":273,"chapter_name":23},862,"Conductas extra-rol","conductas-extra-rol",40,{"id":275,"name":276,"slug":277,"priority":278,"chapter_name":23},532,"Conflictividad","conflictividad",41,{"id":280,"name":281,"slug":282,"priority":283,"chapter_name":23},357,"Conflicto de clases","conflicto-de-clases",42,{"id":285,"name":286,"slug":287,"priority":288,"chapter_name":23},857,"Conflicto entre emisores","conflicto-entre-emisores",43,{"id":290,"name":291,"slug":292,"priority":293,"chapter_name":23},180,"Conflicto interrol","conflicto-interrol",44,{"id":295,"name":296,"slug":297,"priority":298,"chapter_name":23},858,"Conflicto intraemisor","conflicto-intraemisor",45,{"id":300,"name":301,"slug":302,"priority":303,"chapter_name":23},56,"Conflicto intrarrol (conflicto persona-rol)","conflicto-intrarrol-conflicto-persona-rol",46,{"id":305,"name":306,"slug":307,"priority":308,"chapter_name":23},1362,"Conquistas sociales (conquistas comunitarias)","conquistas-sociales-conquistas-comunitarias",47,{"id":310,"name":311,"slug":312,"priority":313,"chapter_name":23},1183,"Consumo de 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