[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":1825},["Reactive",2],{"options:asyncdata:$ogpPUTwkW6:/p/estado-del-bienestar:0":3},{"page":4,"book":26,"news":1819,"questionSent":19,"questions":1820,"formData":1821,"attachments":23,"chartData":23,"pending":19,"chartOptions":1822,"afspec":19,"aflink":1824},{"id":5,"book_id":6,"chapter_id":7,"name":8,"slug":9,"html":10,"priority":11,"created_at":12,"updated_at":13,"created_by":14,"updated_by":18,"draft":19,"markdown":20,"revision_count":21,"template":19,"owned_by":22,"editor":20,"trends":23,"raw_html":24,"tags":25},3989,9,0,"Estado del bienestar","estado-del-bienestar","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-el-estado-del-bienes\">El \u003Cstrong>estado del bienestar, estado de bienestar, estado providencia, estado providencial o estado benefactor\u003C/strong> es el conjunto de instituciones públicas constituidas desde el Estado para garantizar y promover la protección social, la calidad de vida y la seguridad económica de un país, cuyos ejes principales son la salud, la educación y la protección social.  Desarrollado especialmente en los países capitalistas avanzados a lo largo del siglo XX, la función del Estado del bienestar es moderar las desigualdades de renta generadas por el mercado, destinando recursos públicos a toda la población para hacer cumplir la igualdad de oportunidades y los derechos sociales establecidos en las constituciones de esos países, con el fin de reducir los conflictos de clases y lograr una cierta \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/paz-social\">paz social\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>. Históricamente, los antecedentes del Estado del bienestar surgieron a finales del siglo XIX, junto con los seguros sociales y los sistemas públicos de educación y salud. En las primeras décadas del siglo XX, la idea de estado liberal se fue desechando y la de estado social se fortaleció, y reflejo de ello fue el amplio programa de apoyo y promoción del New Deal implantado en los Estados Unidos en la década de 1930. A lo largo del siglo XX, el estado del bienestar se fue ampliando en los países avanzados, impulsando sistemas públicos y universales de salud y educación, asumiendo el rol de los sindicatos, ampliando los programas de protección para los desempleados y desarrollando especialmente los sistemas de pensiones (ver seguridad social). A partir de la crisis económica de 1970, el estado del bienestar entró en crisis como consecuencia de la disminución de la recaudación fiscal y del incremento de las prestaciones sociales. Frente a ello, las respuestas políticas se dividen en dos sectores antagónicos: los que pretenden retener y fortalecer el estado del bienestar a toda costa, desde la izquierda política; y los que pretenden adaptar y reducir el estado del bienestar a la realidad económica neoliberal, desde la derecha política.\u003C/p>",353,"2026-02-05T16:10:51.000000Z","2026-02-19T10:08:14.000000Z",{"id":15,"name":16,"slug":17},1,"Admin","admin",{"id":15,"name":16,"slug":17},false,"",4,{"id":15,"name":16,"slug":17},null,"\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-el-estado-del-bienes\">El \u003Cstrong>estado del bienestar, estado de bienestar, estado providencia, estado providencial o estado benefactor\u003C/strong> es el conjunto de instituciones públicas constituidas desde el Estado para garantizar y promover la protección social, la calidad de vida y la seguridad económica de un país, cuyos ejes principales son la salud, la educación y la protección social.  Desarrollado especialmente en los países capitalistas avanzados a lo largo del siglo XX, la función del Estado del bienestar es moderar las desigualdades de renta generadas por el mercado, destinando recursos públicos a toda la población para hacer cumplir la igualdad de oportunidades y los derechos sociales establecidos en las constituciones de esos países, con el fin de reducir los conflictos de clases y lograr una cierta \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/paz-social\">paz social\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>. Históricamente, los antecedentes del Estado del bienestar surgieron a finales del siglo XIX, junto con los seguros sociales y los sistemas públicos de educación y salud. En las primeras décadas del siglo XX, la idea de estado liberal se fue desechando y la de estado social se fortaleció, y reflejo de ello fue el amplio programa de apoyo y promoción del New Deal implantado en los Estados Unidos en la década de 1930. A lo largo del siglo XX, el estado del bienestar se fue ampliando en los países avanzados, impulsando sistemas públicos y universales de salud y educación, asumiendo el rol de los sindicatos, ampliando los programas de protección para los desempleados y desarrollando especialmente los sistemas de pensiones (ver seguridad social). A partir de la crisis económica de 1970, el estado del bienestar entró en crisis como consecuencia de la disminución de la recaudación fiscal y del incremento de las prestaciones sociales. Frente a ello, las respuestas políticas se dividen en dos sectores antagónicos: los que pretenden retener y fortalecer el estado del bienestar a toda costa, desde la izquierda política; y los que pretenden adaptar y reducir el estado del bienestar a la realidad económica neoliberal, desde la derecha política.\u003C/p>",[],{"id":6,"name":27,"slug":28,"description":20,"created_at":29,"updated_at":29,"created_by":15,"updated_by":15,"owned_by":15,"default_template_id":23,"pages":30,"index":61,"shelves":1812},"Economía general","economia-general","2023-05-07T11:50:42.000000Z",[31,36,41,46,51,56],{"id":32,"name":33,"slug":34,"html":35},1211,"Activos digitales","activos-digitales","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-un-activo-digital-es\">Un \u003Cstrong>activo digital\u003C/strong> es todo elemento con valor económico de naturaleza digital y por tanto inmaterial, que se utiliza en una actividad económica de producción de bienes y servicios o como bien de inversión. De acuerdo a esa definición son activos digitales, las obras de artistas concebidas o difundidas en formato digital, programas, ficheros y datos informáticos, y también los activos en criptomonedas.\u003C/p>",{"id":37,"name":38,"slug":39,"html":40},3067,"Economía de la innovación","economia-de-la-innovacion","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-la-econom%C3%ADa-de-la-in\">La \u003Cstrong>economía de la innovación\u003C/strong> es una rama de la economía que estudia específicamente temas como el cambio tecnológico y su influencia en la economía, los factores determinantes en el desarrollo de la tecnología, el conocimiento y la innovación, la relación entre los diferentes agentes implicados en el progreso y cambio tecnológico, tanto públicos como privados, la transferencia de la tecnología y el conocimiento,  y la medición y análisis cuantitativo del conocimiento.\u003C/p>",{"id":42,"name":43,"slug":44,"html":45},891,"Ecoeficiencia","ecoeficiencia","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-la-ecoeficiencia-es-\">La \u003Cstrong>ecoeficiencia\u003C/strong> es el impacto mínimo que tiene y óptimamente puede llegar a tener una determinada actividad económica en la preservación del medio ambiente, maximizando al mismo tiempo su valor añadido. La ecoeficiencia se mide dividiendo el valor añadido generado por una empresa o actividad determinada entre la magnitud de los daños al medio ambiente. Existen, por tanto, dos formas de aumentar la ecoeficiencia: o bien aumentar el valor añadido sin causar daños adicionales al medio ambiente, o bien reducir los daños al medio ambiente mediante la retención constante del valor añadido.\u003C/p>",{"id":47,"name":48,"slug":49,"html":50},1745,"Tasa de interés real y tasa de interés nominal","tasa-de-interes-real-y-tasa-de-interes-nominal","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-la-tasa-de-inter%C3%A9s-n\">\u003Cstrong>La tasa de interés nominal\u003C/strong> es la cantidad suplementaria que debe pagarse añadida al principal de una deuda o que se cobra por una inversión a futuro en el vencimiento de la deuda o vehículo de inversión. Sin embargo, este interés nominal no refleja la inflación o subida del nivel de precios, que hace disminuir el valor o el poder adquisitivo del dinero. Por ello, se hace necesario el cálculo de una \u003Cstrong>tasa de inflación real, que no es más que la tasa de interés nominal menos la tasa de inflación\u003C/strong>, y que refleja el coste real de financiación o la rentabilidad del ahorro o inversión. Veámoslo a través de un ejemplo: una familia ha logrado ahorrar 100 euros que invierte a una tasa de interés nominal del 15%, por lo que obtiene 115 euros al cabo de un año; sin embargo, para que el ahorro actual no pierda valor y mantenga su valor adquisitivo, suponiendo una tasa de inflación del 10%, la familia debería acumular 110 euros al cabo de un año, por lo que el interés real acumulado es de 115-110=5 euros, que supone un 5% sobre el ahorro realizado, que no es más que la interés nominal menos la inflación, es decir, la tasa de interés real. \u003C/p>",{"id":52,"name":53,"slug":54,"html":55},758,"Sector formal y sector informal","sector-formal-y-sector-informal","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-la-distinci%C3%B3n-entre-\">La distinción entre \u003Cstrong>sector formal y sector informal o economía formal y economía informal \u003C/strong>en una economía hace referencia a los sectores y actividades económicas que se encuentran controladas por el Estado, dentro del marco legal que las regula (sector informal) o se encuentran al margen de controles administrativos o fiscales. El sector informal de una economía forma parte de la economía sumergida junto con las actividades económicas relacionadas con hechos delictivos. Una variante del sector informal es el mercado negro, si se realiza con mercancías que no son ilegales, pero cuyo comercio se realiza fuera sin los permisos o licencias legales.\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-puede-interesarte-ta\">\u003Cstrong>Puede interesarte también\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cul id=\"bkmrk-empleo-formal-y-empl\">\r\n\u003Cli class=\"null\">\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/empleo-formal-y-empleo-informal\">\u003Cstrong>Empleo formal y empleo informal \u003C/strong>\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>",{"id":57,"name":58,"slug":59,"html":60},4091,"Tecnología (factor de producción)","tecnologia-factor-de-produccion","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-la-tecnolog%C3%ADa-como-f\">La \u003Cstrong>tecnología \u003C/strong>como factor productivo hace referencia al conjunto de conocimientos y técnicas aplicadas a los procesos de producción que tienen como resultado una mayor eficiencia en el uso de los recursos y por tanto un incremento en la producitividad. \u003C/p>",{"":62},[63,67,70,74,79,84,85,90,95,100,105,109,114,119,123,128,133,138,143,148,153,158,163,167,172,177,182,187,192,197,202,207,212,217,222,227,232,237,242,247,252,257,262,267,272,277,282,286,291,296,301,306,311,316,321,326,331,336,341,346,351,355,360,365,370,375,380,385,390,394,399,404,408,412,416,420,422,427,432,437,441,446,451,456,461,465,469,474,479,484,489,494,499,504,509,514,519,524,529,534,539,544,549,554,559,564,569,574,579,584,589,594,599,604,609,614,619,624,629,634,639,644,649,654,659,664,669,673,678,683,688,693,698,703,708,713,718,723,727,732,737,742,747,752,757,762,767,772,777,782,787,792,797,802,807,812,816,821,826,831,835,840,845,850,854,859,864,869,873,878,883,888,893,898,903,908,913,915,920,925,928,933,938,943,948,953,957,962,967,972,977,982,987,992,997,1001,1006,1010,1015,1020,1025,1030,1035,1040,1045,1050,1055,1059,1064,1069,1074,1079,1084,1088,1089,1094,1099,1104,1109,1114,1119,1124,1129,1134,1139,1144,1149,1154,1159,1164,1169,1174,1179,1184,1189,1194,1199,1203,1208,1212,1216,1221,1226,1231,1236,1241,1246,1251,1256,1260,1265,1270,1275,1280,1285,1290,1295,1300,1305,1310,1315,1320,1325,1330,1335,1340,1345,1349,1354,1359,1364,1368,1373,1377,1382,1387,1392,1397,1402,1407,1412,1417,1422,1427,1432,1437,1442,1447,1452,1456,1461,1466,1471,1475,1480,1484,1489,1494,1499,1501,1506,1511,1516,1521,1526,1531,1536,1541,1546,1551,1556,1560,1565,1570,1575,1580,1585,1590,1595,1600,1604,1609,1613,1617,1621,1625,1630,1635,1639,1644,1649,1654,1659,1664,1668,1672,1677,1682,1687,1692,1696,1701,1706,1711,1716,1721,1726,1731,1736,1741,1746,1751,1756,1761,1762,1767,1772,1777,1781,1785,1787,1792,1797,1802,1807],{"id":64,"name":65,"slug":66,"priority":7,"chapter_name":23},566,"Actividad económica","actividad-economica",{"id":68,"name":69,"slug":20,"priority":7,"chapter_name":23},3974,"Sistema capitalista",{"id":71,"name":72,"slug":73,"priority":15,"chapter_name":23},665,"Actividad industrial","actividad-industrial",{"id":75,"name":76,"slug":77,"priority":78,"chapter_name":23},1272,"Activo especulativo","activo-especulativo",2,{"id":80,"name":81,"slug":82,"priority":83,"chapter_name":23},517,"Activos de reserva","activos-de-reserva",3,{"id":32,"name":33,"slug":34,"priority":21,"chapter_name":23},{"id":86,"name":87,"slug":88,"priority":89,"chapter_name":23},519,"Activos logísticos","activos-logisticos",5,{"id":91,"name":92,"slug":93,"priority":94,"chapter_name":23},567,"Actos económicos","actos-economicos",6,{"id":96,"name":97,"slug":98,"priority":99,"chapter_name":23},621,"Agentes económicos","agentes-economicos",7,{"id":101,"name":102,"slug":103,"priority":104,"chapter_name":23},1592,"Alza salarial","alza-salarial",8,{"id":106,"name":107,"slug":108,"priority":6,"chapter_name":23},339,"Amortización directa y amortización indirecta","amortizacion-directa-y-amortizacion-indirecta",{"id":110,"name":111,"slug":112,"priority":113,"chapter_name":23},729,"Ampliación de la base tributaria","ampliacion-de-la-base-tributaria",10,{"id":115,"name":116,"slug":117,"priority":118,"chapter_name":23},1443,"Aperturismo económico","aperturismo-economico",11,{"id":120,"name":121,"slug":122,"priority":120,"chapter_name":23},12,"Autarquía","autarquia",{"id":124,"name":125,"slug":126,"priority":127,"chapter_name":23},524,"Autoempleo","autoempleo",13,{"id":129,"name":130,"slug":131,"priority":132,"chapter_name":23},1432,"Balance competitivo","balance-competitivo",14,{"id":134,"name":135,"slug":136,"priority":137,"chapter_name":23},710,"Balanza de servicios","balanza-de-servicios",15,{"id":139,"name":140,"slug":141,"priority":142,"chapter_name":23},182,"Banca en la sombra (bancos paralelos)","banca-en-la-sombra-bancos-paralelos",16,{"id":144,"name":145,"slug":146,"priority":147,"chapter_name":23},638,"Barómetro económico","barometro-economico",17,{"id":149,"name":150,"slug":151,"priority":152,"chapter_name":23},448,"Bienes (definición general)","bienes-definicion-general",18,{"id":154,"name":155,"slug":156,"priority":157,"chapter_name":23},630,"Bienes de capital y bienes de consumo","bienes-de-capital-y-bienes-de-consumo",19,{"id":159,"name":160,"slug":161,"priority":162,"chapter_name":23},576,"Bienes económicos","bienes-economicos",20,{"id":164,"name":165,"slug":166,"priority":162,"chapter_name":23},1834,"Digitalización","digitalizacion",{"id":168,"name":169,"slug":170,"priority":171,"chapter_name":23},749,"Bonos sindicados","bonos-sindicados",21,{"id":173,"name":174,"slug":175,"priority":176,"chapter_name":23},518,"Boom del ladrillo","boom-del-ladrillo",22,{"id":178,"name":179,"slug":180,"priority":181,"chapter_name":23},176,"Boom turístico (boom del turismo)","boom-turistico-boom-del-turismo",23,{"id":183,"name":184,"slug":185,"priority":186,"chapter_name":23},1273,"Burbuja crediticia","burbuja-crediticia",24,{"id":188,"name":189,"slug":190,"priority":191,"chapter_name":23},1322,"Burbuja financiera","burbuja-financiera",25,{"id":193,"name":194,"slug":195,"priority":196,"chapter_name":23},515,"Burbuja tecnológica","burbuja-tecnologica",26,{"id":198,"name":199,"slug":200,"priority":201,"chapter_name":23},642,"Capital comercial","capital-comercial",27,{"id":203,"name":204,"slug":205,"priority":206,"chapter_name":23},1067,"Capital especulativo","capital-especulativo",28,{"id":208,"name":209,"slug":210,"priority":211,"chapter_name":23},270,"Capital especulativo parasitario","capital-especulativo-parasitario",29,{"id":213,"name":214,"slug":215,"priority":216,"chapter_name":23},1269,"Capital extranjero","capital-extranjero",30,{"id":218,"name":219,"slug":220,"priority":221,"chapter_name":23},266,"Capital ficticio","capital-ficticio",31,{"id":223,"name":224,"slug":225,"priority":226,"chapter_name":23},1036,"Capital fijo (capital permanente)","capital-fijo-capital-permanente",32,{"id":228,"name":229,"slug":230,"priority":231,"chapter_name":23},431,"Capital financiero","capital-financiero",33,{"id":233,"name":234,"slug":235,"priority":236,"chapter_name":23},614,"Capital humano","capital-humano",34,{"id":238,"name":239,"slug":240,"priority":241,"chapter_name":23},1110,"Capital industrial","capital-industrial",35,{"id":243,"name":244,"slug":245,"priority":246,"chapter_name":23},1583,"Capital intangible","capital-intangible",36,{"id":248,"name":249,"slug":250,"priority":251,"chapter_name":23},772,"Capital lucrativo","capital-lucrativo",37,{"id":253,"name":254,"slug":255,"priority":256,"chapter_name":23},752,"Capital productivo","capital-productivo",38,{"id":258,"name":259,"slug":260,"priority":261,"chapter_name":23},679,"Capital usurario","capital-usurario",39,{"id":263,"name":264,"slug":265,"priority":266,"chapter_name":23},867,"Capitales golondrina (capitales golondrino)","capitales-golondrina-capitales-golondrino",40,{"id":268,"name":269,"slug":270,"priority":271,"chapter_name":23},1152,"Capitalismo financiero","capitalismo-financiero",41,{"id":273,"name":274,"slug":275,"priority":276,"chapter_name":23},1130,"Capitalismo monopolista","capitalismo-monopolista",42,{"id":278,"name":279,"slug":280,"priority":281,"chapter_name":23},936,"Pecuniario","pecuniario",43,{"id":283,"name":284,"slug":285,"priority":281,"chapter_name":23},1163,"Clasificación sectorial (clasificación de actividades)","clasificacion-sectorial-clasificacion-de-actividades",{"id":287,"name":288,"slug":289,"priority":290,"chapter_name":23},164,"Comerciantes","comerciantes",44,{"id":292,"name":293,"slug":294,"priority":295,"chapter_name":23},210,"Comercio de compensación","comercio-de-compensacion",45,{"id":297,"name":298,"slug":299,"priority":300,"chapter_name":23},376,"Concentración sectorial","concentracion-sectorial",46,{"id":302,"name":303,"slug":304,"priority":305,"chapter_name":23},896,"Congelación salarial (congelación de salarios)","congelacion-salarial-congelacion-de-salarios",47,{"id":307,"name":308,"slug":309,"priority":310,"chapter_name":23},728,"Consolidación fiscal","consolidacion-fiscal",48,{"id":312,"name":313,"slug":314,"priority":315,"chapter_name":23},1398,"Consumo autónomo","consumo-autonomo",49,{"id":317,"name":318,"slug":319,"priority":320,"chapter_name":23},1182,"Consumo inducido (consumo dependiente)","consumo-inducido-consumo-dependiente",50,{"id":322,"name":323,"slug":324,"priority":325,"chapter_name":23},944,"Consumo privado (demanda privada)","consumo-privado-demanda-privada",51,{"id":327,"name":328,"slug":329,"priority":330,"chapter_name":23},619,"Costes laborales","costes-laborales",52,{"id":332,"name":333,"slug":334,"priority":335,"chapter_name":23},705,"Coyuntura económica","coyuntura-economica",53,{"id":337,"name":338,"slug":339,"priority":340,"chapter_name":23},1412,"Crecimiento sostenido","crecimiento-sostenido",54,{"id":342,"name":343,"slug":344,"priority":345,"chapter_name":23},1257,"Crisis de sobreproducción (crisis de superproducción)","crisis-de-sobreproduccion-crisis-de-superproduccion",55,{"id":347,"name":348,"slug":349,"priority":350,"chapter_name":23},667,"Crisis de subproducción","crisis-de-subproduccion",56,{"id":201,"name":352,"slug":353,"priority":354,"chapter_name":23},"Cuenta bancaria","cuenta-bancaria",57,{"id":356,"name":357,"slug":358,"priority":359,"chapter_name":23},377,"Decrecentismo","decrecentismo",58,{"id":361,"name":362,"slug":363,"priority":364,"chapter_name":23},1348,"Deflactación del IRPF","deflactacion-del-irpf",59,{"id":366,"name":367,"slug":368,"priority":369,"chapter_name":23},1291,"Demanda 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