[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":1825},["Reactive",2],{"options:asyncdata:$ogpPUTwkW6:/p/economia-normativa:0":3},{"page":4,"book":25,"news":1819,"questionSent":19,"questions":1820,"formData":1821,"attachments":22,"chartData":22,"pending":19,"chartOptions":1822,"afspec":19,"aflink":1824},{"id":5,"book_id":6,"chapter_id":7,"name":8,"slug":9,"html":10,"priority":11,"created_at":12,"updated_at":13,"created_by":14,"updated_by":18,"draft":19,"markdown":20,"revision_count":15,"template":19,"owned_by":21,"editor":20,"trends":22,"raw_html":23,"tags":24},4016,9,0,"Economía normativa","economia-normativa","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-la-econom%C3%ADa-normativ\">La \u003Cstrong>economía normativa\u003C/strong> es aquella perspectiva que analiza como modificar la realidad económica para alcanzar objetivos ciertos objetivos de política económica como pleno empleo, establidad de precios, crecimiento, sostenibilidad, etc. \u003C/p>",355,"2026-02-19T16:53:29.000000Z","2026-02-19T16:57:54.000000Z",{"id":15,"name":16,"slug":17},1,"Admin","admin",{"id":15,"name":16,"slug":17},false,"",{"id":15,"name":16,"slug":17},null,"\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-la-econom%C3%ADa-normativ\">La \u003Cstrong>economía normativa\u003C/strong> es aquella perspectiva que analiza como modificar la realidad económica para alcanzar objetivos ciertos objetivos de política económica como pleno empleo, establidad de precios, crecimiento, sostenibilidad, etc. \u003C/p>",[],{"id":6,"name":26,"slug":27,"description":20,"created_at":28,"updated_at":28,"created_by":15,"updated_by":15,"owned_by":15,"default_template_id":22,"pages":29,"index":60,"shelves":1812},"Economía general","economia-general","2023-05-07T11:50:42.000000Z",[30,35,40,45,50,55],{"id":31,"name":32,"slug":33,"html":34},1834,"Digitalización","digitalizacion","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-en-sentido-estricto%2C\">\u003Cspan id=\"bkmrk-en-sentido-estricto%2C-1\" class=\"form-control-text textarea\" style=\"display: block;\" role=\"textbox\">En sentido estricto, la \u003Cstrong>digitalización\u003C/strong> consiste en la traslación de la información analógica a un formato digital, esto es, un código con solo los símbolos 0 y 1, para su recopilación, transmisión y procesamiento utilizando tecnologías informáticas. A nivel institucional, la digitalización es un proceso de canalización de todas las actividades, relaciones y tareas que generan o utilizan información a través de la informática y las tecnologías de la comunicación. Para aprovechar todas las posibilidades de la digitalización, aumentar la productividad y orientar la transformación digital en general, es necesario desarrollar cambios en la organización de trabajo que permitan aumentar la eficiencia de los procesos de la organización.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-puede-interesarte-ta\">\u003Cstrong>\u003Cspan class=\"form-control-text textarea\" style=\"display: block;\" role=\"textbox\">Puede interesarte también\u003C/span>\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-brecha-digital\">\u003Cspan class=\"form-control-text textarea\" style=\"display: block;\" role=\"textbox\">\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/brecha-digital\">Brecha digital\u003C/a>\u003Cbr>\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/era-digital\">Era digital\u003C/a>\u003Cbr>\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/automatizacion-de-tareas\">Automatización de tareas\u003C/a>\u003C/span>\u003C/p>",{"id":36,"name":37,"slug":38,"html":39},2086,"Barreras económicas (fronteras económicas)","barreras-economicas-fronteras-economicas","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-las-barreras-econ%C3%B3mi\">Las \u003Cstrong>barreras económicas o fronteras económicas\u003C/strong> son el conjunto de limitaciones que establece un país o grupo de países al comercio y transferencia de capitales con otros países. Constituyen, pues, la noción contraria a la integración económica y el libre comercio y fomentan economías aisladas, relativamente poco internacionalizadas y por tanto tendentes a la autarquía económica, que finalmente dejan de beneficiarse de las ventajas comparativas que ofrece el comercio internacional. Estas limitaciones consisten en aranceles, prohibiciones y cuotas de importación o exportación, regulaciones técnicas o sanitarias, y obstáculos a la inversión hcia y desde el exterior. \u003C/p>",{"id":41,"name":42,"slug":43,"html":44},1640,"Librecambismo","librecambismo","\u003Cdiv class=\"row\" id=\"bkmrk-\">\u003C/div>\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"row\" id=\"bkmrk-el-librecambismo-o-p\">\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"col-md-12 col-xs-12\">El \u003Cstrong>librecambismo o política librecambista\u003C/strong> es una doctrina y una política económica que defiende el libre comercio entre países, sin poner límites a las importaciones y exportaciones. Es una política opuesta al proteccionismo y al mercantilismo. Con las políticascas librecambistas se persigue fundamentalmente aprovechar las ventajas comparativas del comercio internacional, el poder acceder a productos y servicios producidos de forma más eficiente, con mejores precios o calidades que si fueran producidos a nivel nacional. El librecambismo, como doctrina, se extendió en el siglo XVIII, especialmente en el Reino Unido, pero su desarrollo más notable se ha desarrollado en el siglo XX, a través de reglas, tratados y organizaciones internacionales como el GATT, la OMC (Organización Mundial del Comercio) o la Unión Europea. La globalización económica es el mayor exponente y reflejo del librecambismo.\u003Cbr>\u003C/div>\r\n\u003C/div>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-%C2%A0\"> \u003C/p>",{"id":46,"name":47,"slug":48,"html":49},1331,"Intereses económicos","intereses-economicos","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-intereses-econ%C3%B3micos\">\u003Cstrong>Intereses económicos\u003C/strong> son los beneficios o ventajas de tipo económico (rentabilidad en general y más concretamente acumulación de capital, control de recursos, mercados, etc.) que persigue o desea garantizar, una vez conseguidos, un agente determinado en una actividad económica en general y más concretamente en un proceso de decisión en particular. Los intereses económicos a veces desvirtúan y contaminan el desarrollo y finalidad de proyectos de naturaleza social.\u003C/p>",{"id":51,"name":52,"slug":53,"html":54},454,"Subsidio","subsidio","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-un-subsidio-%28etimol%C3%B3\">Un \u003Cstrong>subsidio\u003C/strong> (etimológicamente, del latin \u003Cem>subsidium\u003C/em>, \"ayuda, refuerzo\") es una ayuda que otorga la administración pública con el fin de facilitar el acceso a necesidades básicas o urgentes o facilitar la adquisición y consumo de un determinado bien a personas y familias. En el caso de bienes de primera necesidad, ouede vehicularse a través de regulación a la baja de los precios.\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-puede-interesarte-ad\">\u003Cstrong>Puede interesarte además\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cul id=\"bkmrk-%C2%A0precios-subsidiados\">\r\n\u003Cli class=\"null\"> \u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/precios-subsidiados/\">Precios subsidiados\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>",{"id":56,"name":57,"slug":58,"html":59},2309,"Valoración contingente","valoracion-contingente","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-la-valoraci%C3%B3n-contin\">La \u003Cstrong>valoración contingente\u003C/strong> es un método de valoración económica para bienes que están fuera del mercado y por tanto no tienen un precio objetivo. Se utiliza sobre todo para bienes libres, esto es, aquellos bienes que tiene valor de uso pero no valor de cambio, como por ejemplo la luz solar o un paisaje, y también para costos e inconvenientes que no tienen un reflejo económico directo, como el coste del aire contaminado. La valoración contingente de estos bienes se realiza a partir de una encuesta en la que se pregunta a los usuarios de un bien concreto cuánto estarían dispuestos a pagar como máximo por el disfrute de dicho bien libre, o cuánto estarían dispuestos a pagar para dejar de sufrir el inconveniente en cuestión. Un \u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/promedio\">promedio\u003C/a> de las respuestas obtenidas es el que se suele utilizar como valoración contingente final. \u003C/p>",{"":61},[62,66,69,73,78,83,88,93,98,103,108,112,117,122,126,131,136,141,146,151,156,161,166,167,172,177,182,187,192,197,202,207,212,217,222,227,232,237,242,247,252,257,262,267,272,277,282,286,291,296,301,306,311,316,321,326,331,336,341,346,351,355,360,365,370,375,380,385,390,394,399,404,408,412,416,420,425,430,435,440,444,449,454,459,464,468,472,477,482,487,492,497,502,507,512,517,522,527,532,537,542,547,552,557,562,567,572,577,582,587,592,597,602,604,609,614,619,624,629,634,639,644,649,654,659,664,669,673,678,683,688,693,698,703,708,713,718,723,727,732,737,742,747,752,757,762,767,772,777,782,787,792,797,802,807,812,816,821,826,831,835,840,845,850,854,859,864,869,873,878,883,888,893,898,903,908,913,918,923,928,931,936,938,943,948,953,957,962,967,972,977,982,987,992,997,1001,1006,1010,1015,1020,1025,1030,1032,1037,1042,1047,1052,1056,1061,1066,1071,1076,1081,1085,1089,1094,1099,1104,1109,1114,1119,1124,1129,1134,1139,1144,1149,1154,1159,1164,1169,1174,1179,1184,1189,1194,1199,1203,1208,1209,1213,1218,1223,1228,1233,1238,1243,1248,1253,1257,1262,1264,1269,1274,1279,1284,1289,1294,1299,1304,1309,1314,1319,1324,1329,1334,1339,1343,1348,1353,1358,1362,1367,1371,1376,1381,1386,1391,1396,1401,1406,1411,1416,1421,1426,1431,1436,1441,1446,1450,1455,1460,1465,1469,1474,1478,1483,1488,1493,1498,1503,1508,1513,1518,1523,1528,1533,1538,1543,1548,1553,1557,1562,1567,1572,1577,1582,1587,1592,1597,1601,1606,1610,1614,1618,1622,1627,1632,1636,1641,1646,1651,1656,1661,1665,1669,1674,1679,1684,1689,1693,1698,1703,1708,1713,1718,1723,1728,1733,1738,1743,1748,1753,1758,1763,1768,1769,1774,1778,1782,1787,1792,1797,1802,1807],{"id":63,"name":64,"slug":65,"priority":7,"chapter_name":22},566,"Actividad económica","actividad-economica",{"id":67,"name":68,"slug":20,"priority":7,"chapter_name":22},3974,"Sistema capitalista",{"id":70,"name":71,"slug":72,"priority":15,"chapter_name":22},665,"Actividad industrial","actividad-industrial",{"id":74,"name":75,"slug":76,"priority":77,"chapter_name":22},1272,"Activo especulativo","activo-especulativo",2,{"id":79,"name":80,"slug":81,"priority":82,"chapter_name":22},517,"Activos de reserva","activos-de-reserva",3,{"id":84,"name":85,"slug":86,"priority":87,"chapter_name":22},1211,"Activos digitales","activos-digitales",4,{"id":89,"name":90,"slug":91,"priority":92,"chapter_name":22},519,"Activos logísticos","activos-logisticos",5,{"id":94,"name":95,"slug":96,"priority":97,"chapter_name":22},567,"Actos económicos","actos-economicos",6,{"id":99,"name":100,"slug":101,"priority":102,"chapter_name":22},621,"Agentes económicos","agentes-economicos",7,{"id":104,"name":105,"slug":106,"priority":107,"chapter_name":22},1592,"Alza salarial","alza-salarial",8,{"id":109,"name":110,"slug":111,"priority":6,"chapter_name":22},339,"Amortización directa y amortización indirecta","amortizacion-directa-y-amortizacion-indirecta",{"id":113,"name":114,"slug":115,"priority":116,"chapter_name":22},729,"Ampliación de la base tributaria","ampliacion-de-la-base-tributaria",10,{"id":118,"name":119,"slug":120,"priority":121,"chapter_name":22},1443,"Aperturismo económico","aperturismo-economico",11,{"id":123,"name":124,"slug":125,"priority":123,"chapter_name":22},12,"Autarquía","autarquia",{"id":127,"name":128,"slug":129,"priority":130,"chapter_name":22},524,"Autoempleo","autoempleo",13,{"id":132,"name":133,"slug":134,"priority":135,"chapter_name":22},1432,"Balance competitivo","balance-competitivo",14,{"id":137,"name":138,"slug":139,"priority":140,"chapter_name":22},710,"Balanza de servicios","balanza-de-servicios",15,{"id":142,"name":143,"slug":144,"priority":145,"chapter_name":22},182,"Banca en la sombra (bancos paralelos)","banca-en-la-sombra-bancos-paralelos",16,{"id":147,"name":148,"slug":149,"priority":150,"chapter_name":22},638,"Barómetro económico","barometro-economico",17,{"id":152,"name":153,"slug":154,"priority":155,"chapter_name":22},448,"Bienes (definición general)","bienes-definicion-general",18,{"id":157,"name":158,"slug":159,"priority":160,"chapter_name":22},630,"Bienes de capital y bienes de consumo","bienes-de-capital-y-bienes-de-consumo",19,{"id":162,"name":163,"slug":164,"priority":165,"chapter_name":22},576,"Bienes económicos","bienes-economicos",20,{"id":31,"name":32,"slug":33,"priority":165,"chapter_name":22},{"id":168,"name":169,"slug":170,"priority":171,"chapter_name":22},749,"Bonos sindicados","bonos-sindicados",21,{"id":173,"name":174,"slug":175,"priority":176,"chapter_name":22},518,"Boom del ladrillo","boom-del-ladrillo",22,{"id":178,"name":179,"slug":180,"priority":181,"chapter_name":22},176,"Boom turístico (boom del turismo)","boom-turistico-boom-del-turismo",23,{"id":183,"name":184,"slug":185,"priority":186,"chapter_name":22},1273,"Burbuja crediticia","burbuja-crediticia",24,{"id":188,"name":189,"slug":190,"priority":191,"chapter_name":22},1322,"Burbuja financiera","burbuja-financiera",25,{"id":193,"name":194,"slug":195,"priority":196,"chapter_name":22},515,"Burbuja tecnológica","burbuja-tecnologica",26,{"id":198,"name":199,"slug":200,"priority":201,"chapter_name":22},642,"Capital comercial","capital-comercial",27,{"id":203,"name":204,"slug":205,"priority":206,"chapter_name":22},1067,"Capital especulativo","capital-especulativo",28,{"id":208,"name":209,"slug":210,"priority":211,"chapter_name":22},270,"Capital especulativo parasitario","capital-especulativo-parasitario",29,{"id":213,"name":214,"slug":215,"priority":216,"chapter_name":22},1269,"Capital extranjero","capital-extranjero",30,{"id":218,"name":219,"slug":220,"priority":221,"chapter_name":22},266,"Capital ficticio","capital-ficticio",31,{"id":223,"name":224,"slug":225,"priority":226,"chapter_name":22},1036,"Capital fijo (capital permanente)","capital-fijo-capital-permanente",32,{"id":228,"name":229,"slug":230,"priority":231,"chapter_name":22},431,"Capital financiero","capital-financiero",33,{"id":233,"name":234,"slug":235,"priority":236,"chapter_name":22},614,"Capital humano","capital-humano",34,{"id":238,"name":239,"slug":240,"priority":241,"chapter_name":22},1110,"Capital industrial","capital-industrial",35,{"id":243,"name":244,"slug":245,"priority":246,"chapter_name":22},1583,"Capital intangible","capital-intangible",36,{"id":248,"name":249,"slug":250,"priority":251,"chapter_name":22},772,"Capital lucrativo","capital-lucrativo",37,{"id":253,"name":254,"slug":255,"priority":256,"chapter_name":22},752,"Capital productivo","capital-productivo",38,{"id":258,"name":259,"slug":260,"priority":261,"chapter_name":22},679,"Capital usurario","capital-usurario",39,{"id":263,"name":264,"slug":265,"priority":266,"chapter_name":22},867,"Capitales golondrina (capitales golondrino)","capitales-golondrina-capitales-golondrino",40,{"id":268,"name":269,"slug":270,"priority":271,"chapter_name":22},1152,"Capitalismo financiero","capitalismo-financiero",41,{"id":273,"name":274,"slug":275,"priority":276,"chapter_name":22},1130,"Capitalismo monopolista","capitalismo-monopolista",42,{"id":278,"name":279,"slug":280,"priority":281,"chapter_name":22},936,"Pecuniario","pecuniario",43,{"id":283,"name":284,"slug":285,"priority":281,"chapter_name":22},1163,"Clasificación sectorial (clasificación de actividades)","clasificacion-sectorial-clasificacion-de-actividades",{"id":287,"name":288,"slug":289,"priority":290,"chapter_name":22},164,"Comerciantes","comerciantes",44,{"id":292,"name":293,"slug":294,"priority":295,"chapter_name":22},210,"Comercio de compensación","comercio-de-compensacion",45,{"id":297,"name":298,"slug":299,"priority":300,"chapter_name":22},376,"Concentración sectorial","concentracion-sectorial",46,{"id":302,"name":303,"slug":304,"priority":305,"chapter_name":22},896,"Congelación salarial (congelación de salarios)","congelacion-salarial-congelacion-de-salarios",47,{"id":307,"name":308,"slug":309,"priority":310,"chapter_name":22},728,"Consolidación fiscal","consolidacion-fiscal",48,{"id":312,"name":313,"slug":314,"priority":315,"chapter_name":22},1398,"Consumo autónomo","consumo-autonomo",49,{"id":317,"name":318,"slug":319,"priority":320,"chapter_name":22},1182,"Consumo inducido (consumo dependiente)","consumo-inducido-consumo-dependiente",50,{"id":322,"name":323,"slug":324,"priority":325,"chapter_name":22},944,"Consumo privado (demanda privada)","consumo-privado-demanda-privada",51,{"id":327,"name":328,"slug":329,"priority":330,"chapter_name":22},619,"Costes laborales","costes-laborales",52,{"id":332,"name":333,"slug":334,"priority":335,"chapter_name":22},705,"Coyuntura económica","coyuntura-economica",53,{"id":337,"name":338,"slug":339,"priority":340,"chapter_name":22},1412,"Crecimiento sostenido","crecimiento-sostenido",54,{"id":342,"name":343,"slug":344,"priority":345,"chapter_name":22},1257,"Crisis de sobreproducción (crisis de superproducción)","crisis-de-sobreproduccion-crisis-de-superproduccion",55,{"id":347,"name":348,"slug":349,"priority":350,"chapter_name":22},667,"Crisis de subproducción","crisis-de-subproduccion",56,{"id":201,"name":352,"slug":353,"priority":354,"chapter_name":22},"Cuenta bancaria","cuenta-bancaria",57,{"id":356,"name":357,"slug":358,"priority":359,"chapter_name":22},377,"Decrecentismo","decrecentismo",58,{"id":361,"name":362,"slug":363,"priority":364,"chapter_name":22},1348,"Deflactación del IRPF","deflactacion-del-irpf",59,{"id":366,"name":367,"slug":368,"priority":369,"chapter_name":22},1291,"Demanda derivada","demanda-derivada",60,{"id":371,"name":372,"slug":373,"priority":374,"chapter_name":22},403,"Demanda turística","demanda-turistica",61,{"id":376,"name":377,"slug":378,"priority":379,"chapter_name":22},1434,"Dependencia energética","dependencia-energetica",62,{"id":381,"name":382,"slug":383,"priority":384,"chapter_name":22},475,"Dependencia tecnológica","dependencia-tecnologica",63,{"id":386,"name":387,"slug":388,"priority":389,"chapter_name":22},866,"Depósito a la vista","deposito-a-la-vista",64,{"id":145,"name":391,"slug":392,"priority":393,"chapter_name":22},"Derrama económica","derrama-economica",65,{"id":395,"name":396,"slug":397,"priority":398,"chapter_name":22},152,"Desarrollismo","desarrollismo",66,{"id":400,"name":401,"slug":402,"priority":403,"chapter_name":22},327,"Destrucción de demanda","destruccion-de-demanda",67,{"id":171,"name":405,"slug":406,"priority":407,"chapter_name":22},"Dinero bancario","dinero-bancario",68,{"id":211,"name":409,"slug":410,"priority":411,"chapter_name":22},"Dinero fiat","dinero-fiat",69,{"id":206,"name":413,"slug":414,"priority":415,"chapter_name":22},"Dinero fiduciario","dinero-fiduciario",70,{"id":181,"name":417,"slug":418,"priority":419,"chapter_name":22},"Dinero legal (dinero de curso legal)","dinero-legal-dinero-de-curso-legal",71,{"id":421,"name":422,"slug":423,"priority":424,"chapter_name":22},891,"Ecoeficiencia","ecoeficiencia",72,{"id":426,"name":427,"slug":428,"priority":429,"chapter_name":22},1441,"Economía de guerra","economia-de-guerra",73,{"id":431,"name":432,"slug":433,"priority":434,"chapter_name":22},375,"Economía informal","economia-informal",74,{"id":436,"name":437,"slug":438,"priority":439,"chapter_name":22},1138,"Economía social de mercado","economia-social-de-mercado",75,{"id":186,"name":441,"slug":442,"priority":443,"chapter_name":22},"Efectivo (dinero en 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