[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":1153},["Reactive",2],{"options:asyncdata:$ogpPUTwkW6:/p/costa-de-inmersion-costa-de-hundimiento-costa-de-transgresion:0":3},{"page":4,"book":25,"news":1147,"questionSent":19,"questions":1148,"formData":1149,"attachments":22,"chartData":22,"pending":19,"chartOptions":1150,"afspec":19,"aflink":1152},{"id":5,"book_id":6,"chapter_id":7,"name":8,"slug":9,"html":10,"priority":11,"created_at":12,"updated_at":13,"created_by":14,"updated_by":18,"draft":19,"markdown":20,"revision_count":15,"template":19,"owned_by":21,"editor":20,"trends":22,"raw_html":23,"tags":24},4030,11,0,"Costa de inmersión (costa de hundimiento, costa de transgresión)","costa-de-inmersion-costa-de-hundimiento-costa-de-transgresion","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-\">\u003Ca href=\"https://es.gizapedia.org/uploads/images/gallery/2026-02/xGK04tZckMBVrKu9-vista-aerea-fiordo-quintupeu.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003Cimg class=\"align-right\" src=\"https://es.gizapedia.org/uploads/images/gallery/2026-02/scaled-1680-/xGK04tZckMBVrKu9-vista-aerea-fiordo-quintupeu.jpg\" alt=\"Vista_aerea_fiordo_Quintupeu.jpg\" width=\"471\" height=\"363\">\u003C/a>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-imagen%3A-el-fiordo-es\">\u003Cem>Imagen: El fiordo es una forma típica de modelado en las costas de inmersión o hundimiento. \u003C/em>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-una-costa-o-litoral-\">Una \u003Cstrong>costa o litoral de inmersión, hundimiento o trangresión\u003C/strong> es un tipo de modelado litoral provocado por el hundimiento del continente o la subida del nivel del mar. Las formas típicas de este modelado son los acantilados, las rías y los fiordos.\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-%C2%A0\"> \u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-%C2%A0-1\"> \u003C/p>",56,"2026-02-22T10:12:55.000000Z","2026-03-08T13:57:12.000000Z",{"id":15,"name":16,"slug":17},1,"Admin","admin",{"id":15,"name":16,"slug":17},false,"",{"id":15,"name":16,"slug":17},null,"\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-\">\u003Ca href=\"https://es.gizapedia.org/uploads/images/gallery/2026-02/xGK04tZckMBVrKu9-vista-aerea-fiordo-quintupeu.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003Cimg class=\"align-right\" src=\"https://es.gizapedia.org/uploads/images/gallery/2026-02/scaled-1680-/xGK04tZckMBVrKu9-vista-aerea-fiordo-quintupeu.jpg\" alt=\"Vista_aerea_fiordo_Quintupeu.jpg\" width=\"471\" height=\"363\">\u003C/a>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-imagen%3A-el-fiordo-es\">\u003Cem>Imagen: El fiordo es una forma típica de modelado en las costas de inmersión o hundimiento. \u003C/em>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-una-costa-o-litoral-\">Una \u003Cstrong>costa o litoral de inmersión, hundimiento o trangresión\u003C/strong> es un tipo de modelado litoral provocado por el hundimiento del continente o la subida del nivel del mar. Las formas típicas de este modelado son los acantilados, las rías y los fiordos.\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-%C2%A0\"> \u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-%C2%A0-1\"> \u003C/p>",[],{"id":6,"name":26,"slug":27,"description":20,"created_at":28,"updated_at":28,"created_by":15,"updated_by":15,"owned_by":15,"default_template_id":22,"pages":29,"index":60,"shelves":1140},"Geografía general","geografia-general","2023-05-07T12:43:44.000000Z",[30,35,40,45,50,55],{"id":31,"name":32,"slug":33,"html":34},1928,"Nubosidad","nubosidad","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-nubosidad-es-el-fen%C3%B3\">\u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"https://es.gizapedia.org/uploads/images/gallery/2025-05/QfShItTcP9TtVhuN-atotxa-dorrea-hodeia-2016-021.jpeg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003Cimg class=\"align-right\" src=\"https://es.gizapedia.org/uploads/images/gallery/2025-05/scaled-1680-/QfShItTcP9TtVhuN-atotxa-dorrea-hodeia-2016-021.jpeg\" alt=\"Atotxa_dorrea_hodeia_2016_02(1).jpeg\" width=\"423\" height=\"238\">\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-imagen%3A-cielo-parcia\">\u003Cem>Imagen: Cielo parcialmente nuboso. \u003C/em>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-nubosidad-es-el-fen%C3%B3-1\">\u003Cstrong>Nubosidad\u003C/strong> es el fenómeno meteorológico que hace referencia a la cantidad y tipología de nubes en el cielo en un momento dado. El efecto más palpable de la nubosidad es que el sol permanece oculto, cuando aquella lo tapa. La fracción del cielo cubierto por la nubosidad se estima a simple vista y se mide en octas o porciones de un octavo de todo el cielo. Según las octas que cubre el cielo, la nubosidad en un momento dado pasa de cielos despejados (0 octas), a poco nuboso, nuboso, muy nuboso y cubierto. La nubosidad puede ser además variable cuando varái en extensión a lo largo de las horas.\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-%C2%A0los-cielos-despejad\"> Los cielos despejados provocan generalmente a lo largo del día un incremento rápido de la temperatura ambiente debido a la ininterrumpida radiación solar y un descenso rápido por la noche, generándose de esta forma una gran \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/amplitud-termica-oscilacion-termica\">amplitud térmica\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>. Dicha amplitud térmica o incremento y descenso sucesivo de tempraturas es menor con cielos cubiertos.\u003C/p>",{"id":36,"name":37,"slug":38,"html":39},880,"Reterritorialización","reterritorializacion","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-partiendo-de-la-idea\">Partiendo de la idea de territorio como espacio geográfico humanizado en el sentido de que está dotada de significación y sentido para los que lo habitan, a partir del modelado que ha afectuado una sociedad o comunidad en su interior para satisfacer sus necesidades, la \u003Cstrong>reterritorialización\u003C/strong> hace referencia a la reapropiación y reconstrucción del territorio de forma que se le dota de nuevas significaciones para la comunidad, frecuentemente tras procesos de \u003Cstrong>desterritorialización\u003C/strong> o enajenación del territorio a una comunidad.\u003C/p>",{"id":41,"name":42,"slug":43,"html":44},2147,"Escala numérica (mapas y planos)","escala-numerica-mapas-y-planos","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-la-escala-num%C3%A9rica-e\">\u003Ca href=\"https://es.gizapedia.org/uploads/images/gallery/2024-07/PpWGl4y7fz5ZAGrX-zenbakizko-eskala-1.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003Cimg src=\"https://es.gizapedia.org/uploads/images/gallery/2024-07/scaled-1680-/PpWGl4y7fz5ZAGrX-zenbakizko-eskala-1.png\" alt=\"zenbakizko_eskala-1.png\">\u003C/a>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-la%C2%A0escala-num%C3%A9rica-e\">La \u003Cstrong>escala numérica\u003C/strong> es un tipo de \u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/escala-cartografica\">escala cartográfica\u003C/a> representada por una razón o proporción entre distancias en el mapa y distancias reales. Dicha escala debe indicarse en todo mapa o plano que tenga entre sus objetivos proporcionar distancias precisas. Por ejemplo, una escala E 1:100.000 indica que una distancia de 1cm en el mapa corresponde a una distancia de 1cmx100.000=100.000cm=1km en la realidad. Se denomina \u003Cstrong>factor de escala\u003C/strong> a la constante de multiplicación para pasar de la distancia del mapa a la distancia real (en el ejemplo 100.000). Las escalas numéricas son generalmente de reducción, y de esa forma las hemos definido anteriormente, pero para representar objetos pequeños se utiliza la escala de ampliación; por ejemplo la escala numérica E 100:1 indica, que el objeto representado es 100 veces más grande que en la realidad. Por último, las escalas numéricas no son siempre referidas a la unidad y que a veces conviene establecerlas mediante fracciones complejas; por ejemplo la escala E 2:5 indica que 5 veces la distancia en el plano equivale a 2 veces la distancia real. La escala numérica es una de las formas de expresar la \u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/escala-cartografica\">escala cartográfica\u003C/a>, junto con la \u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/escala-grafica\">escala gráfica\u003C/a> y la escala de texto.\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"id":46,"name":47,"slug":48,"html":49},3583,"Red vial (red de carreteras)","red-vial-red-de-carreteras","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-una-red-vial-o-red-d\">Una \u003Cstrong>red vial o red de carreteras\u003C/strong> es un conjunto de vías públicas (calles, avenidas, carreteras, ...) interconectadas entre sí y dispuestas para el tránsito de personas y vehículos. Existen diferentes niveles de redes viales, desde el nivel local o municipal, formado sobre todo por caminos, calles y avenidas, hasta el nivel internacional, formado por autopistas y autovías de gran capacidad. \u003C/p>",{"id":51,"name":52,"slug":53,"html":54},1908,"Ciudad universitaria","ciudad-universitaria","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-una-ciudad-universit\">Una\u003Cstrong> ciudad universitaria\u003C/strong> es una ciudad cuya actividad económica y social gira principalmente alderedor de una o varias universidades ubicanas en ella, atrayendo de esta forma a una numerosa población flotante de estudiantes e investigadores. Son ciudades universitarias Oxford, en Reino Unido y Lovaina, en Bélgica.\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-puede-interesarte-ta\">\u003Cstrong>Puede interesarte también\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cul id=\"bkmrk-ciudad-minera\">\r\n\u003Cli class=\"null\">\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/ciudad-minera\">\u003Cstrong>Ciudad minera\u003C/strong>\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>",{"id":56,"name":57,"slug":58,"html":59},2778,"Población (demografía)","poblacion-demografia","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-en-demograf%C3%ADa%2C-la-po\">En demografía, la \u003Cstrong>población\u003C/strong> es el conjunto de todas las personas que habitan un territorio o demarcación concreta en un momento del tiempo determinado en base a los criterios de habitación o pertenencia que se hayan establecido al respecto.\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-puede-interesarte-ta\">\u003Cstrong>Puede interesarte también\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cul id=\"bkmrk-poblaci%C3%B3n-estad%C3%ADstic\">\r\n\u003Cli class=\"null\">\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/poblacion-estadistica\">\u003Cstrong>Población estadística\u003C/strong>\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-%C2%A0\"> \u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-%C2%A0-1\"> \u003C/p>",{"":61},[62,66,70,75,80,85,90,95,100,105,110,115,119,124,129,134,139,144,149,154,159,164,169,174,179,184,189,194,199,204,209,214,219,224,229,234,239,244,249,254,259,264,269,274,279,281,286,291,296,301,306,311,316,321,326,331,336,337,342,347,352,357,362,367,372,377,382,386,391,396,401,406,411,416,421,426,431,436,441,443,448,453,458,463,468,473,478,483,488,493,498,503,507,512,517,522,527,532,537,542,547,552,557,562,567,572,577,582,586,591,596,601,606,611,616,621,626,631,636,641,646,651,656,661,666,671,676,681,686,691,696,701,706,711,716,721,726,731,735,740,745,750,755,760,765,770,775,780,785,790,792,797,802,807,812,817,822,827,832,837,842,847,852,857,862,867,872,877,879,883,888,893,898,902,906,911,916,921,926,931,935,940,945,947,952,957,962,964,969,974,979,984,989,994,999,1004,1009,1014,1019,1024,1029,1034,1039,1044,1049,1054,1058,1062,1067,1071,1076,1081,1086,1091,1095,1100,1105,1110,1115,1120,1125,1130,1135],{"id":63,"name":64,"slug":65,"priority":7,"chapter_name":22},373,"Acción antrópica (actividad antrópica)","accion-antropica-actividad-antropica",{"id":67,"name":68,"slug":69,"priority":15,"chapter_name":22},648,"Aceleración urbana","aceleracion-urbana",{"id":71,"name":72,"slug":73,"priority":74,"chapter_name":22},3856,"Actividad agrícola","actividad-agricola",2,{"id":76,"name":77,"slug":78,"priority":79,"chapter_name":22},1147,"Afelio y perihelio","afelio-y-perihelio",3,{"id":81,"name":82,"slug":83,"priority":84,"chapter_name":22},213,"Agricultura","agricultura",4,{"id":86,"name":87,"slug":88,"priority":89,"chapter_name":22},2725,"Aguas oceánicas","aguas-oceanicas",5,{"id":91,"name":92,"slug":93,"priority":94,"chapter_name":22},1114,"Aguas superficiales","aguas-superficiales",6,{"id":96,"name":97,"slug":98,"priority":99,"chapter_name":22},438,"Albufera","albufera",7,{"id":101,"name":102,"slug":103,"priority":104,"chapter_name":22},2189,"Altiplano","altiplano",8,{"id":106,"name":107,"slug":108,"priority":109,"chapter_name":22},2177,"Altitud","altitud",9,{"id":111,"name":112,"slug":113,"priority":114,"chapter_name":22},2115,"Altitud geográfica y altitud media","altitud-geografica-y-altitud-media",10,{"id":116,"name":117,"slug":118,"priority":6,"chapter_name":22},179,"Amenazas locales y amenazas globales","amenazas-locales-y-amenazas-globales",{"id":120,"name":121,"slug":122,"priority":123,"chapter_name":22},1587,"Amplitud térmica (oscilación térmica)","amplitud-termica-oscilacion-termica",12,{"id":125,"name":126,"slug":127,"priority":128,"chapter_name":22},3013,"Anecúmene","anecumene",13,{"id":130,"name":131,"slug":132,"priority":133,"chapter_name":22},3354,"Antroposfera","antroposfera",14,{"id":135,"name":136,"slug":137,"priority":138,"chapter_name":22},1772,"Área metropolitana","area-metropolitana",15,{"id":140,"name":141,"slug":142,"priority":143,"chapter_name":22},1800,"Arroyo","arroyo",16,{"id":145,"name":146,"slug":147,"priority":148,"chapter_name":22},2163,"Astro rey","astro-rey",17,{"id":150,"name":151,"slug":152,"priority":153,"chapter_name":22},173,"Atractividad urbana","atractividad-urbana",18,{"id":155,"name":156,"slug":157,"priority":158,"chapter_name":22},3749,"Atributos geográficos (atributos del espacio geográficos)","atributos-geograficos-atributos-del-espacio-geograficos",19,{"id":160,"name":161,"slug":162,"priority":163,"chapter_name":22},2947,"Barra litoral (cordón litoral)","barra-litoral-cordon-litoral",20,{"id":165,"name":166,"slug":167,"priority":168,"chapter_name":22},3436,"Barrio (geografía urbana)","barrio-geografia-urbana",21,{"id":170,"name":171,"slug":172,"priority":173,"chapter_name":22},208,"Barrio chino","barrio-chino",22,{"id":175,"name":176,"slug":177,"priority":178,"chapter_name":22},2813,"Barrios obreros","barrios-obreros",23,{"id":180,"name":181,"slug":182,"priority":183,"chapter_name":22},3437,"Bioma","bioma",24,{"id":185,"name":186,"slug":187,"priority":188,"chapter_name":22},1065,"Bloque exento (edificio exento)","bloque-exento-edificio-exento",25,{"id":190,"name":191,"slug":192,"priority":193,"chapter_name":22},1837,"Bocage","bocage",26,{"id":195,"name":196,"slug":197,"priority":198,"chapter_name":22},2113,"Caladero de pesca","caladero-de-pesca",27,{"id":200,"name":201,"slug":202,"priority":203,"chapter_name":22},3418,"Cambio climático","cambio-climatico",28,{"id":205,"name":206,"slug":207,"priority":208,"chapter_name":22},239,"Campos abiertos (openfield)","campos-abiertos-openfield",29,{"id":210,"name":211,"slug":212,"priority":213,"chapter_name":22},1836,"Campos cerrados","campos-cerrados",30,{"id":215,"name":216,"slug":217,"priority":218,"chapter_name":22},2331,"Capital económica","capital-economica",31,{"id":220,"name":221,"slug":222,"priority":223,"chapter_name":22},1298,"Cárcavas","carcavas",32,{"id":225,"name":226,"slug":227,"priority":228,"chapter_name":22},485,"Carretera secundaria","carretera-secundaria",33,{"id":230,"name":231,"slug":232,"priority":233,"chapter_name":22},2405,"Carretera terciaria","carretera-terciaria",34,{"id":235,"name":236,"slug":237,"priority":238,"chapter_name":22},3108,"Casquete glaciar","casquete-glaciar",35,{"id":240,"name":241,"slug":242,"priority":243,"chapter_name":22},1663,"Casquetes polares","casquetes-polares",36,{"id":245,"name":246,"slug":247,"priority":248,"chapter_name":22},1010,"Caudal hidrológico","caudal-hidrologico",37,{"id":250,"name":251,"slug":252,"priority":253,"chapter_name":22},2448,"Círculo máximo","circulo-maximo",38,{"id":255,"name":256,"slug":257,"priority":258,"chapter_name":22},1689,"Ciudad compacta","ciudad-compacta",39,{"id":260,"name":261,"slug":262,"priority":263,"chapter_name":22},168,"Ciudad dispersa (ciudad difusa)","ciudad-dispersa-ciudad-difusa",40,{"id":265,"name":266,"slug":267,"priority":268,"chapter_name":22},1905,"Ciudad minera","ciudad-minera",41,{"id":270,"name":271,"slug":272,"priority":273,"chapter_name":22},1885,"Ciudad portuaria","ciudad-portuaria",42,{"id":275,"name":276,"slug":277,"priority":278,"chapter_name":22},3014,"Ciudad satélite","ciudad-satelite",43,{"id":51,"name":52,"slug":53,"priority":280,"chapter_name":22},44,{"id":282,"name":283,"slug":284,"priority":285,"chapter_name":22},4018,"Ciudad-región","ciudad-region",45,{"id":287,"name":288,"slug":289,"priority":290,"chapter_name":22},3703,"Cobertura vegetal (cubierta vegetal)","cobertura-vegetal-cubierta-vegetal",46,{"id":292,"name":293,"slug":294,"priority":295,"chapter_name":22},3857,"Comarca","comarca",47,{"id":297,"name":298,"slug":299,"priority":300,"chapter_name":22},2217,"Comunidad suburbana","comunidad-suburbana",48,{"id":302,"name":303,"slug":304,"priority":305,"chapter_name":22},2686,"Cono de deyección","cono-de-deyeccion",49,{"id":307,"name":308,"slug":309,"priority":310,"chapter_name":22},1564,"Continente","continente",50,{"id":312,"name":313,"slug":314,"priority":315,"chapter_name":22},1774,"Conurbación (conurbanización)","conurbacion-conurbanizacion",51,{"id":317,"name":318,"slug":319,"priority":320,"chapter_name":22},851,"Coordenadas geográficas","coordenadas-geograficas",52,{"id":322,"name":323,"slug":324,"priority":325,"chapter_name":22},2324,"Cordillera","cordillera",53,{"id":327,"name":328,"slug":329,"priority":330,"chapter_name":22},2441,"Cordilleras alpinas","cordilleras-alpinas",54,{"id":332,"name":333,"slug":334,"priority":335,"chapter_name":22},3055,"Corografía","corografia",55,{"id":5,"name":8,"slug":9,"priority":11,"chapter_name":22},{"id":338,"name":339,"slug":340,"priority":341,"chapter_name":22},711,"Costas marítimas","costas-maritimas",57,{"id":343,"name":344,"slug":345,"priority":346,"chapter_name":22},2226,"Cresterío","cresterio",58,{"id":348,"name":349,"slug":350,"priority":351,"chapter_name":22},849,"Cuadrícula de referencia","cuadricula-de-referencia",59,{"id":353,"name":354,"slug":355,"priority":356,"chapter_name":22},226,"Cuenca del 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