[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":626},["Reactive",2],{"options:asyncdata:$ogpPUTwkW6:/p/contrastacion-empirica:0":3},{"page":4,"book":24,"news":620,"questionSent":19,"questions":621,"formData":622,"attachments":22,"chartData":22,"pending":19,"chartOptions":623,"afspec":19,"aflink":625},{"id":5,"book_id":6,"chapter_id":7,"name":8,"slug":9,"html":10,"priority":11,"created_at":12,"updated_at":13,"created_by":14,"updated_by":18,"draft":19,"markdown":20,"revision_count":15,"template":19,"owned_by":21,"editor":20,"trends":22,"raw_html":10,"tags":23},4130,26,0,"Contrastación empírica","contrastacion-empirica","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-la-contrastaci%C3%B3n-emp\">La \u003Cstrong>contrastación empírica\u003C/strong> es el proceso analítico que lleva a la \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/verificacion-empirica-confirmacion-empirica\">verificación\u003C/a>\u003C/strong> o rechazo de una hipótesis científica a la luz de la evidencia observada en forma de datos.\u003C/p>",222,"2026-03-18T14:25:17.000000Z","2026-03-18T15:24:43.000000Z",{"id":15,"name":16,"slug":17},1,"Admin","admin",{"id":15,"name":16,"slug":17},false,"",{"id":15,"name":16,"slug":17},null,[],{"id":6,"name":25,"slug":26,"description":20,"created_at":27,"updated_at":28,"created_by":15,"updated_by":15,"owned_by":15,"default_template_id":22,"pages":29,"index":56,"shelves":619},"Metodología en ciencias sociales","metodologia-en-ciencias-sociales","2023-06-03T06:04:43.000000Z","2023-09-24T07:32:01.000000Z",[30,35,40,45,50,51],{"id":31,"name":32,"slug":33,"html":34},2956,"Enfoque holístico","enfoque-holistico","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-el-enfoque-hol%C3%ADstico\">El \u003Cstrong>enfoque holístico o perspectiva holística\u003C/strong> es una aproximación metodológica que aborda una realidad desde la unidad del todo en que esta conformada de forma integrada, teniendo en cuenta los vínculos y relaciones entre sus partes, pero sin entrar a analizar sus elementos de forma aislada. Si bien un enfoque holístico ofrece una perspectiva de conjunto más amplia y global, tiene como inconveniente la falta de detalle que proporciona una perspectiva más analítica, de modo que al final la investigacion puede resultar demsiado general y científicamente poco rigurosa.\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-puede-interesarte-ta\">\u003Cstrong>Puede interesarte también\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cul id=\"bkmrk-teor%C3%ADa-general-de-si\">\r\n\u003Cli class=\"null\">\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/teoria-general-de-sistemas-teoria-de-sistemas\">\u003Cstrong>Teoría General de Sistemas\u003C/strong>\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003Cli class=\"null\">\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/paradigma-de-la-complejidad\">\u003Cstrong>Paradigma de la complejidad\u003C/strong>\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>",{"id":36,"name":37,"slug":38,"html":39},1645,"Análisis empírico","analisis-empirico","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-en-investigaci%C3%B3n-cie\">En investigación científica, un \u003Cstrong>análisis empírico o investigación empírica\u003C/strong> es un método o fase de investigación en la cual los datos obtenidos mediante observación directa o experimentación se utilizan para verificar las hipótesis planteadas al principio de la investigación. Es de esta forma, una fase fundamental del método hipotético-deductivo, que plantea hipótesis y sus consecuencias para luego verificarlas aunque sea provisionalmente. Hay que subrayara, que un análisis empírico siempre valida las hipótesis planteadas provisionalmente, mientras no se encuentre evidencia en contra. La evidencia en contra, sin embargo, es definitiva, porque conlleva a la falsación de la hipótesis y obliga a plantaer nuevas hipótesis que es acomoden a esas nuevas evidencias.\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-puede-interesarte-ta\">\u003Cstrong>Puede interesarte también\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cul id=\"bkmrk-paradigma-emp%C3%ADrico-a\">\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/paradigma-empirico-analitico\">Paradigma empírico-analítico\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-%C2%A0\"> \u003C/p>",{"id":41,"name":42,"slug":43,"html":44},186,"Paradigmas críticos","paradigmas-criticos","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-en-el-%C3%A1mbito-de-la-i\">En el ámbito de la investigación en ciencias sociales, los \u003Cstrong>paradigmas críticos\u003C/strong> son una tipología de paradigmas que parten de una crítica del poder y  la ideología dominante y que persiguen una transformación de la sociedad con el objetivo final de la emancipación de los individuos:\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cul id=\"bkmrk-el-paradigma-sociocr\">\r\n\u003Cli>el \u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/paradigma-socio-critico\">\u003Cstrong>paradigma sociocrítico\u003C/strong>\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>el \u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/paradigma-negativista\">paradigma negativista\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003Cli>\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/materialismo-historico-dialectico\">\u003Cstrong>materialismo histórico dialéctico\u003C/strong>\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003Cli>investigación acción participativa\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>",{"id":46,"name":47,"slug":48,"html":49},2616,"Cuestionario","cuestionario","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-un-cuestionario-es-u\">Un \u003Cstrong>cuestionario\u003C/strong> es un conjunto de preguntas o ítems fijo y estructurado que se utiliza en el desarrollo de una \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/encuesta\">encuesta\u003C/a>\u003C/strong> para recoger información sobre  un fenómeno o una o varias variables. Se utiliza frecuentemente también el término de encuesta para referirse al propio cuestionario. Dentro de los cuestionarios, se distinguen los denominados tests, que son cuestionarios con un grado de estructuración extremo en el que todas la preguntas admiten respuesta medida en la misma escala, que se agregan o analizan conjuntamente con el objetivo de observar o medir una variable concreta. \u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-una-propiedad-fundam\">Una propiedad fundamental que debe poseer un cuestionario es la validez, tanto interna como externa. La validez interna se refiere a la validez, exactitud o rigor de los resultados obtenidos en el cuestionario y la metodología aplicada para su obtención y análisis en relación  a los elementos observados; mientras que la validez externa se refiere al hecho de que las conclusiones del cuestionario sean extrapolables al conjunto de la población a partir de la muestra observada.\u003C/p>",{"id":5,"name":8,"slug":9,"html":10},{"id":52,"name":53,"slug":54,"html":55},2327,"Paradigma pragmático","paradigma-pragmatico","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-el-paradigma-pragm%C3%A1t\">El \u003Cstrong>paradigma pragmático\u003C/strong> es un paradigma o modelo de investigación que rechazando el dogmatismo y el escepticismo se abre a diferentes perspectivas y metodologías en la investigación, tento objetivas como subjetivas, cuantitativas y cualitativas. Desde este carácter mixto y diverso de los métodos utilizados, el paradigma pragmático pone énfasis a la hora de validar la investigación en suutilidad y valor práctico, evitando entrar en consideraciones teóricas. \u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-puede-interesarte-ta\">\u003Cstrong>Puede interesarte también\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cul id=\"bkmrk-paradigma-positivist\">\r\n\u003Cli class=\"null\">\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/paradigma-positivista\">\u003Cstrong>Paradigma positivista\u003C/strong>\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003Cli class=\"null\">\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/interpretativismo-paradigma-interpretativo-paradigma-interpretativista\">\u003Cstrong>Paradigma interpretativo\u003C/strong>\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003Cli class=\"null\">\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/paradigma-socio-critico\">\u003Cstrong>Paradigma sociocrítico\u003C/strong>\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>",{"":57},[58,63,68,70,75,80,85,90,95,100,105,110,114,119,124,129,134,139,144,149,154,159,164,169,174,179,184,189,194,199,204,209,214,219,224,229,234,239,244,249,254,259,264,269,271,276,281,286,291,296,301,306,311,316,321,326,331,335,340,345,350,355,360,365,370,375,377,382,387,392,397,402,407,412,414,419,424,429,434,439,444,448,453,458,460,465,470,475,480,485,490,495,500,505,510,515,520,525,530,535,540,545,550,555,560,565,570,575,580,585,590,595,600,603,608,613,618],{"id":59,"name":60,"slug":61,"priority":62,"chapter_name":22},178,"Marco contextual","marco-contextual",2,{"id":64,"name":65,"slug":66,"priority":67,"chapter_name":22},81,"Definición operacional","definicion-operacional",12,{"id":41,"name":42,"slug":43,"priority":69,"chapter_name":22},17,{"id":71,"name":72,"slug":73,"priority":74,"chapter_name":22},251,"Formulación de hipótesis","formulacion-de-hipotesis",18,{"id":76,"name":77,"slug":78,"priority":79,"chapter_name":22},467,"Observación sistemática y observación asistemática","observacion-sistematica-y-observacion-asistematica",19,{"id":81,"name":82,"slug":83,"priority":84,"chapter_name":22},520,"Observación pasiva y observación activa","observacion-pasiva-y-observacion-activa",20,{"id":86,"name":87,"slug":88,"priority":89,"chapter_name":22},548,"Investigación cualitativa (enfoque cualitativo de investigación)","investigacion-cualitativa-enfoque-cualitativo-de-investigacion",21,{"id":91,"name":92,"slug":93,"priority":94,"chapter_name":22},597,"Investigación social","investigacion-social",22,{"id":96,"name":97,"slug":98,"priority":99,"chapter_name":22},599,"Observación (concepto y definición)","observacion-concepto-y-definicion",23,{"id":101,"name":102,"slug":103,"priority":104,"chapter_name":22},627,"Categorización","categorizacion",24,{"id":106,"name":107,"slug":108,"priority":109,"chapter_name":22},650,"Ciencias sociales (definición)","ciencias-sociales-definicion",25,{"id":111,"name":112,"slug":113,"priority":6,"chapter_name":22},673,"Escala nominal","escala-nominal",{"id":115,"name":116,"slug":117,"priority":118,"chapter_name":22},675,"Escala de valoración","escala-de-valoracion",27,{"id":120,"name":121,"slug":122,"priority":123,"chapter_name":22},696,"Validez externa","validez-externa",28,{"id":125,"name":126,"slug":127,"priority":128,"chapter_name":22},697,"Factores organísmicos","factores-organismicos",29,{"id":130,"name":131,"slug":132,"priority":133,"chapter_name":22},744,"Proyecto de investigación","proyecto-de-investigacion",30,{"id":135,"name":136,"slug":137,"priority":138,"chapter_name":22},797,"Síntesis bibliográfica","sintesis-bibliografica",31,{"id":140,"name":141,"slug":142,"priority":143,"chapter_name":22},803,"Juicio crítico","juicio-critico",32,{"id":145,"name":146,"slug":147,"priority":148,"chapter_name":22},879,"Paradigma de investigación","paradigma-de-investigacion",33,{"id":150,"name":151,"slug":152,"priority":153,"chapter_name":22},907,"Paradigma positivista","paradigma-positivista",34,{"id":155,"name":156,"slug":157,"priority":158,"chapter_name":22},82,"Operacionalización","operacionalizacion",46,{"id":160,"name":161,"slug":162,"priority":163,"chapter_name":22},914,"Definición instrumental","definicion-instrumental",47,{"id":165,"name":166,"slug":167,"priority":168,"chapter_name":22},925,"Paradigma histórico social","paradigma-historico-social",48,{"id":170,"name":171,"slug":172,"priority":173,"chapter_name":22},966,"Paradigma alternativo","paradigma-alternativo",49,{"id":175,"name":176,"slug":177,"priority":178,"chapter_name":22},993,"Perspectiva histórica","perspectiva-historica",50,{"id":180,"name":181,"slug":182,"priority":183,"chapter_name":22},1063,"Línea de investigación","linea-de-investigacion",51,{"id":185,"name":186,"slug":187,"priority":188,"chapter_name":22},1084,"Tipología","tipologia",52,{"id":190,"name":191,"slug":192,"priority":193,"chapter_name":22},1123,"Fuentes de información (fuentes de investigación)","fuentes-de-informacion-fuentes-de-investigacion",53,{"id":195,"name":196,"slug":197,"priority":198,"chapter_name":22},1132,"Marco teórico (marco de referencia)","marco-teorico-marco-de-referencia",54,{"id":200,"name":201,"slug":202,"priority":203,"chapter_name":22},1201,"Paradigma socio-crítico","paradigma-socio-critico",55,{"id":205,"name":206,"slug":207,"priority":208,"chapter_name":22},1217,"Investigación","investigacion",56,{"id":210,"name":211,"slug":212,"priority":213,"chapter_name":22},1299,"Diseño observacional","diseno-observacional",57,{"id":215,"name":216,"slug":217,"priority":218,"chapter_name":22},1328,"Multifactorialidad","multifactorialidad",58,{"id":220,"name":221,"slug":222,"priority":223,"chapter_name":22},1342,"Giro interpretativo","giro-interpretativo",59,{"id":225,"name":226,"slug":227,"priority":228,"chapter_name":22},1368,"Abducción científica","abduccion-cientifica",60,{"id":230,"name":231,"slug":232,"priority":233,"chapter_name":22},1402,"Reformulación","reformulacion",61,{"id":235,"name":236,"slug":237,"priority":238,"chapter_name":22},1415,"Problematización (investigación científica)","problematizacion-investigacion-cientifica",62,{"id":240,"name":241,"slug":242,"priority":243,"chapter_name":22},1422,"Factores explicativos","factores-explicativos",63,{"id":245,"name":246,"slug":247,"priority":248,"chapter_name":22},1426,"Enfoque multidimensional","enfoque-multidimensional",64,{"id":250,"name":251,"slug":252,"priority":253,"chapter_name":22},1427,"Multidimensionalidad","multidimensionalidad",65,{"id":255,"name":256,"slug":257,"priority":258,"chapter_name":22},1541,"Factores aleatorios","factores-aleatorios",66,{"id":260,"name":261,"slug":262,"priority":263,"chapter_name":22},1611,"Síntesis","sintesis",67,{"id":265,"name":266,"slug":267,"priority":268,"chapter_name":22},1622,"Variable situacional","variable-situacional",68,{"id":36,"name":37,"slug":38,"priority":270,"chapter_name":22},69,{"id":272,"name":273,"slug":274,"priority":275,"chapter_name":22},1674,"Verificación empírica (confirmación empírica)","verificacion-empirica-confirmacion-empirica",70,{"id":277,"name":278,"slug":279,"priority":280,"chapter_name":22},1675,"Observación controlada y observación no controlada","observacion-controlada-y-observacion-no-controlada",71,{"id":282,"name":283,"slug":284,"priority":285,"chapter_name":22},1692,"Análisis","analisis",72,{"id":287,"name":288,"slug":289,"priority":290,"chapter_name":22},2049,"Factores ambientales","factores-ambientales",73,{"id":292,"name":293,"slug":294,"priority":295,"chapter_name":22},2059,"Investigación descriptiva","investigacion-descriptiva",74,{"id":297,"name":298,"slug":299,"priority":300,"chapter_name":22},2092,"Referentes conceptuales","referentes-conceptuales",75,{"id":302,"name":303,"slug":304,"priority":305,"chapter_name":22},2110,"Factor biológico","factor-biologico",76,{"id":307,"name":308,"slug":309,"priority":310,"chapter_name":22},2116,"Validez de contenido (validación de contenido)","validez-de-contenido-validacion-de-contenido",86,{"id":312,"name":313,"slug":314,"priority":315,"chapter_name":22},2117,"Validez de constructo (validación de constructo)","validez-de-constructo-validacion-de-constructo",87,{"id":317,"name":318,"slug":319,"priority":320,"chapter_name":22},2118,"Listas de cotejo","listas-de-cotejo",88,{"id":322,"name":323,"slug":324,"priority":325,"chapter_name":22},2119,"Constructo (psicología)","constructo-psicologia",89,{"id":327,"name":328,"slug":329,"priority":330,"chapter_name":22},2132,"Hipótesis causal (hipótesis de dependencia causal, hipótesis de relación causal)","hipotesis-causal-hipotesis-de-dependencia-causal-hipotesis-de-relacion-causal",90,{"id":263,"name":332,"slug":333,"priority":334,"chapter_name":22},"Nivel descriptivo","nivel-descriptivo",132,{"id":336,"name":337,"slug":338,"priority":339,"chapter_name":22},343,"Unidad de análisis","unidad-de-analisis",162,{"id":341,"name":342,"slug":343,"priority":344,"chapter_name":22},2170,"Nivel de análisis","nivel-de-analisis",163,{"id":346,"name":347,"slug":348,"priority":349,"chapter_name":22},2171,"Unidad de observación","unidad-de-observacion",164,{"id":351,"name":352,"slug":353,"priority":354,"chapter_name":22},2242,"Registro continuo (observación)","registro-continuo-observacion",165,{"id":356,"name":357,"slug":358,"priority":359,"chapter_name":22},2279,"Objeto de estudio","objeto-de-estudio",166,{"id":361,"name":362,"slug":363,"priority":364,"chapter_name":22},2289,"Observación semisistemática","observacion-semisistematica",167,{"id":366,"name":367,"slug":368,"priority":369,"chapter_name":22},2319,"Cientificidad","cientificidad",168,{"id":371,"name":372,"slug":373,"priority":374,"chapter_name":22},2320,"Noología (ciencias noológicas)","noologia-ciencias-noologicas",169,{"id":52,"name":53,"slug":54,"priority":376,"chapter_name":22},170,{"id":378,"name":379,"slug":380,"priority":381,"chapter_name":22},2372,"Método experimental","metodo-experimental",171,{"id":383,"name":384,"slug":385,"priority":386,"chapter_name":22},2382,"Descontextualización","descontextualizacion",172,{"id":388,"name":389,"slug":390,"priority":391,"chapter_name":22},2417,"Nivel explicativo","nivel-explicativo",173,{"id":393,"name":394,"slug":395,"priority":396,"chapter_name":22},2428,"Paradigma negativista","paradigma-negativista",174,{"id":398,"name":399,"slug":400,"priority":401,"chapter_name":22},2440,"Fenómeno multidimensional","fenomeno-multidimensional",175,{"id":403,"name":404,"slug":405,"priority":406,"chapter_name":22},2445,"Marco conceptual","marco-conceptual",176,{"id":408,"name":409,"slug":410,"priority":411,"chapter_name":22},2449,"Encuesta","encuesta",177,{"id":46,"name":47,"slug":48,"priority":413,"chapter_name":22},179,{"id":415,"name":416,"slug":417,"priority":418,"chapter_name":22},2702,"Adaptación transcultural","adaptacion-transcultural",180,{"id":420,"name":421,"slug":422,"priority":423,"chapter_name":22},2719,"Conocimiento nomotético","conocimiento-nomotetico",181,{"id":425,"name":426,"slug":427,"priority":428,"chapter_name":22},2720,"Investigación nomotética","investigacion-nomotetica",182,{"id":430,"name":431,"slug":432,"priority":433,"chapter_name":22},2757,"Factor intrapersonal (variable intrapersonal)","factor-intrapersonal-variable-intrapersonal",183,{"id":435,"name":436,"slug":437,"priority":438,"chapter_name":22},2780,"Sistemas socioecológicos, socioecología y enfoque socioecológico (perspectiva socioecológica, paradigma socioecológico)","sistemas-socioecologicos-socioecologia-y-enfoque-socioecologico-perspectiva-socioecologica-paradigma-socioecologico",184,{"id":440,"name":441,"slug":442,"priority":443,"chapter_name":22},2826,"Paradigma decolonial (giro decolonial, decolonialidad, decolonialismo, estudios decoloniales)","paradigma-decolonial-giro-decolonial-decolonialidad-decolonialismo-estudios-decoloniales",185,{"id":445,"name":446,"slug":447,"priority":41,"chapter_name":22},2847,"Diario de campo (cuaderno de campo)","diario-de-campo-cuaderno-de-campo",{"id":449,"name":450,"slug":451,"priority":452,"chapter_name":22},2859,"Multidisciplinar (pluridisciplinar), interdisciplinar, transdisciplinar","multidisciplinar-pluridisciplinar-interdisciplinar-transdisciplinar",187,{"id":454,"name":455,"slug":456,"priority":457,"chapter_name":22},2942,"Hipótesis descriptiva","hipotesis-descriptiva",188,{"id":31,"name":32,"slug":33,"priority":459,"chapter_name":22},189,{"id":461,"name":462,"slug":463,"priority":464,"chapter_name":22},2957,"Naturaleza estructural","naturaleza-estructural",190,{"id":466,"name":467,"slug":468,"priority":469,"chapter_name":22},3051,"Multiperspectividad","multiperspectividad",191,{"id":471,"name":472,"slug":473,"priority":474,"chapter_name":22},3058,"Regularidad","regularidad",192,{"id":476,"name":477,"slug":478,"priority":479,"chapter_name":22},3085,"Teoría General de Sistemas (Teoría de Sistemas)","teoria-general-de-sistemas-teoria-de-sistemas",193,{"id":481,"name":482,"slug":483,"priority":484,"chapter_name":22},3220,"Campo temático","campo-tematico",194,{"id":486,"name":487,"slug":488,"priority":489,"chapter_name":22},3222,"Paradigma hermenéutico","paradigma-hermeneutico",195,{"id":491,"name":492,"slug":493,"priority":494,"chapter_name":22},3229,"Factores asociados","factores-asociados",196,{"id":496,"name":497,"slug":498,"priority":499,"chapter_name":22},3232,"Hipótesis conceptual","hipotesis-conceptual",197,{"id":501,"name":502,"slug":503,"priority":504,"chapter_name":22},3242,"Definición conceptual","definicion-conceptual",198,{"id":506,"name":507,"slug":508,"priority":509,"chapter_name":22},3243,"Sistematización","sistematizacion",199,{"id":511,"name":512,"slug":513,"priority":514,"chapter_name":22},3249,"Sustento lógico (base lógica)","sustento-logico-base-logica",200,{"id":516,"name":517,"slug":518,"priority":519,"chapter_name":22},3306,"Conocimiento científico","conocimiento-cientifico",201,{"id":521,"name":522,"slug":523,"priority":524,"chapter_name":22},3312,"Paradigma de la complejidad","paradigma-de-la-complejidad",202,{"id":526,"name":527,"slug":528,"priority":529,"chapter_name":22},3319,"Hipótesis auxiliares","hipotesis-auxiliares",203,{"id":531,"name":532,"slug":533,"priority":534,"chapter_name":22},3344,"Indicador (definición)","indicador-definicion",204,{"id":536,"name":537,"slug":538,"priority":539,"chapter_name":22},3395,"Hipótesis de correlación (hipótesis correlacional)","hipotesis-de-correlacion-hipotesis-correlacional",205,{"id":541,"name":542,"slug":543,"priority":544,"chapter_name":22},3449,"Investigación aplicada","investigacion-aplicada",206,{"id":546,"name":547,"slug":548,"priority":549,"chapter_name":22},3454,"Fundamentación","fundamentacion",207,{"id":551,"name":552,"slug":553,"priority":554,"chapter_name":22},3459,"Paradigma cuantitativo (enfoque cuantitativo)","paradigma-cuantitativo-enfoque-cuantitativo",208,{"id":556,"name":557,"slug":558,"priority":559,"chapter_name":22},3591,"Factores personales (factores individuales)","factores-personales-factores-individuales",209,{"id":561,"name":562,"slug":563,"priority":564,"chapter_name":22},3635,"Competencias de investigadores","competencias-de-investigadores",210,{"id":566,"name":567,"slug":568,"priority":569,"chapter_name":22},3648,"Factores concomitantes","factores-concomitantes",211,{"id":571,"name":572,"slug":573,"priority":574,"chapter_name":22},3695,"Estabilidad (teoría de un sistema)","estabilidad-teoria-de-un-sistema",212,{"id":576,"name":577,"slug":578,"priority":579,"chapter_name":22},3712,"Multirracionalidad","multirracionalidad",213,{"id":581,"name":582,"slug":583,"priority":584,"chapter_name":22},3736,"Líneas metodológicas (lineamientos metodológicos)","lineas-metodologicas-lineamientos-metodologicos",214,{"id":586,"name":587,"slug":588,"priority":589,"chapter_name":22},3743,"Factores medioambientales (factores ambientales)","factores-medioambientales-factores-ambientales",215,{"id":591,"name":592,"slug":593,"priority":594,"chapter_name":22},3835,"Metodología descriptiva","metodologia-descriptiva",216,{"id":596,"name":597,"slug":598,"priority":599,"chapter_name":22},4042,"Método no experimental (investigación no experimental)","metodo-no-experimental-investigacion-no-experimental",217,{"id":601,"name":542,"slug":543,"priority":602,"chapter_name":22},4068,218,{"id":604,"name":605,"slug":606,"priority":607,"chapter_name":22},4076,"Investigación básica (investigación fundamental)","investigacion-basica-investigacion-fundamental",219,{"id":609,"name":610,"slug":611,"priority":612,"chapter_name":22},4078,"Grupo de investigación","grupo-de-investigacion",220,{"id":614,"name":615,"slug":616,"priority":617,"chapter_name":22},4079,"Paradigma dialéctico","paradigma-dialectico",221,{"id":5,"name":8,"slug":9,"priority":11,"chapter_name":22},[],[],[],{"question":20,"name":20,"email":20,"page_id":5},{"responsive":624,"maintainAspectRatio":19},true,"https://www.amazon.es/hz/audible/mlp/mdp/discovery?actionCode=AMSTM1450129210001&tag=ikusmiraorg-21",1774088588446]