[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":956},["Reactive",2],{"options:asyncdata:$ogpPUTwkW6:/p/continuum:0":3},{"page":4,"book":25,"news":950,"questionSent":19,"questions":951,"formData":952,"attachments":22,"chartData":22,"pending":19,"chartOptions":953,"afspec":19,"aflink":955},{"id":5,"book_id":6,"chapter_id":7,"name":8,"slug":9,"html":10,"priority":11,"created_at":12,"updated_at":13,"created_by":14,"updated_by":18,"draft":19,"markdown":20,"revision_count":15,"template":19,"owned_by":21,"editor":20,"trends":22,"raw_html":23,"tags":24},4065,5,0,"Continuum","continuum","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-un-continuum-es-un-m\">Un \u003Cem>\u003Cstrong>continuum\u003C/strong>\u003C/em> es un medio, entorno o conjunto con propiedades homogéneas de forma que no se distinguen en él puntos o elementos separados entre los que moverse, sino que cualquier movimiento o cambio se percibe únicamente en términos de distancias tan pequeñas como se desee. \u003C/p>",182,"2026-03-04T16:40:49.000000Z","2026-03-04T16:43:58.000000Z",{"id":15,"name":16,"slug":17},1,"Admin","admin",{"id":15,"name":16,"slug":17},false,"",{"id":15,"name":16,"slug":17},null,"\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-un-continuum-es-un-m\">Un \u003Cem>\u003Cstrong>continuum\u003C/strong>\u003C/em> es un medio, entorno o conjunto con propiedades homogéneas de forma que no se distinguen en él puntos o elementos separados entre los que moverse, sino que cualquier movimiento o cambio se percibe únicamente en términos de distancias tan pequeñas como se desee. \u003C/p>",[],{"id":6,"name":26,"slug":27,"description":20,"created_at":28,"updated_at":29,"created_by":15,"updated_by":15,"owned_by":15,"default_template_id":22,"pages":30,"index":61,"shelves":943},"Filosofía general","filosofia-general","2023-05-06T08:36:06.000000Z","2023-05-07T11:56:13.000000Z",[31,36,41,46,51,56],{"id":32,"name":33,"slug":34,"html":35},706,"Verdad relativa","verdad-relativa","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-una-verdad-relativa%2C\">Una \u003Cstrong>verdad relativa\u003C/strong>, contrapuesta a la \u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/verdad-absoluta\">verdad absoluta\u003C/a>, es aquella proposición que es cierta o verdadera dependiendo de las circunstancias, del momento en el tiempo o del sujeto que la valora. En sentido estricto, puede afirmarse que la propia expresión de verdad relativa es un oxímoron o contradicción, ya que si una proposición tiene un valor de verdad mutable que depende de la situación, no es una verdad. Ejmeplos de verdades relativas son \"el pan integral es mejor que el pan blanco\" (ya que esto no es cierto en todas las situaciones) y  \"Barcelona es la ciudad más bonita de Europa\" (ya que depende de la persona que lo valore, esto es, es una \u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/verdad-subjetiva\">verdad subjetiva\u003C/a>).\u003C/p>",{"id":37,"name":38,"slug":39,"html":40},3827,"Cuestionamiento filosófico","cuestionamiento-filosofico","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-el-cuestionamiento-f\">El \u003Cstrong>cuestionamiento filosófico\u003C/strong> es la actitud y acto críticos por el que se entra en controversia con las respuestas  generalmente aceptados a las preguntas que se plantean dentro del proceso de \u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/indagacion-filosofica\">indagación filosófica\u003C/a>. \u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"id":42,"name":43,"slug":44,"html":45},915,"Conceptualización","conceptualizacion","\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: right; margin-top: -55px; margin-bottom: 20px;\" id=\"bkmrk-\">\u003Cbr>\u003C/div>\r\n\u003Cform id=\"bkmrk--1\" class=\"mb-4\">\r\n\u003Cdiv style=\"height: 0; width: 0; position: absolute; visibility: hidden;\">\u003Csvg height=\"48.655\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"0 0 48 48.655\" width=\"48\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"> \u003C/svg>\u003C/div>\r\n\u003C/form>\r\n\u003Cdiv id=\"bkmrk-%C2%A0\" class=\"col-dos \" style=\"display: block; width: 100%;\">\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"barramenu\">\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"star-rating\">\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"star-container\">\u003Clabel for=\"five\"> \u003C/label>\u003C/div>\r\n\u003C/div>\r\n\u003C/div>\r\n\u003C/div>\r\n\u003Cdiv id=\"bkmrk-la-conceptualizaci%C3%B3n\">\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"jumbotron-text\">\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"row\">\u003Cbr>\u003C/div>\r\nLa \u003Cstrong>conceptualización\u003C/strong> es el proceso de diferenciación y definición precisa de los elementos de un fenómeno complejo o teoría abstracta para que los procesos lógicos que se llevan a cabo sobre ellos (mediciones, investigaciones,...) sean válidos. Es, además, la etapa incial del proceso de \u003Cstrong>operacionalización\u003C/strong> en una investigación. Más brevemente, se trata de un proceso de creación, definición y desarrollo de conceptos, necesario también para que los resultados de la construcción  y desarrollo de una teoría o  investigación y su interpretación sean claros. Un ejemplo sencillo: al hacer un estudio de los animales que hay en el caserío, al definir \"gallina\" como un animal que pone dos patas, plumas y huevos, estamos haciendo una conceptualización de este tipo de animales, necesaria para que se entienda lo que estamos diciendo al decir \"tengo dos gallinas\".\u003C/div>\r\n\u003C/div>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-%C2%A0-1\">\u003C/p>",{"id":47,"name":48,"slug":49,"html":50},1222,"Espíritu","espiritu","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-esp%C3%ADritu-es-un-conce\">\u003Cstrong>Espíritu\u003C/strong> es un concepto que a lo largo de la historia ha tenido acepciones diferentes, aunque parecidas, según el filósofo y la escuela filosófica que se considera. También se ha utilizado en religión, con diferentes significados, según la confesión. En general, puede decirse que el espíritu es una entidad inmaterial, pero al mismo tiempo que influye sobre el cuerpo material, vivificándolo y dándole inteligencia, razón o conciencia. En la antigua Grecia, el nous, que puede traducirse como espíritu, era la sustancia de la que está compuesta el mundo, haciéndolo mover  Relacionado con la religión, es equivalente al alma o de parecido significado. A partir de la Ilustración, en cambio, se ha asociado con la razón y la conciencia humanas, excluyendo toda significación sobrenatural.\u003C/p>",{"id":52,"name":53,"slug":54,"html":55},3313,"Alienación económica","alienacion-economica","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-alienaci%C3%B3n-econ%C3%B3mica\">\u003Cstrong>Alienación económica\u003C/strong> (del latín \u003Cem>alienus\u003C/em>, \"extraño\") es un concepto desarrollado por el filósofo Karl Marx, según el cual el producto que produce el trabajador en el capitalismo adquiere un carácter propio a modo de mercancía, que queda en manos del capitalista; de este modo, el producto queda extrañado o excluido de la persona del trabajador, a diferencia de las formas de producción en las que el hombre tenía una relación directa con la naturaleza y sus condiciones de vida, en las que sólo produce de acuerdo a sus necesidades, siendo dueño del producto económico como sujeto autónomo.\u003Cbr>\u003Cbr>La alienación económica descansa en el fondo en las relaciones de producción entre trabajadores y capitalistas. Siendo el capitalista propietario de los medios de producción, compra al obrero su fuerza de trabajo, la fuerza de trabajo se convierte en objeto, y por tanto también objeto es su producto. Esta extrañeza se ve reforzada por la división misma del trabajo, en que el obrero no puede considerar el producto terminado como producto de su trabajo, ya que ha participado únicamente en una de la fases de la producción. El trabajo y su producto le son totalmente extraños y ajenos de este modo, por dos razones, de una parte por naturaleza, puesto que el producto no lo realiza para cubrir sus necesidades, y de otra parte por propiedad, ya que su trabajo y el producto resultante han sido comprados por el capitalista. \u003Cbr>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-%C2%A0\"> \u003C/p>",{"id":57,"name":58,"slug":59,"html":60},591,"Objeto material y formal de la citología","objeto-material-y-formal-de-la-citologia","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-el-objeto-material-d\">El \u003Cstrong>objeto material de la citología\u003C/strong> son las células. Su \u003Cstrong>objeto formal\u003C/strong>, por otra parte, viene dado el estudio de su estructura, funcionamiento y procesos fisiológicos que se dan en ellas.\u003C/p>",{"":62},[63,67,72,77,82,86,91,96,100,104,109,114,119,123,128,133,138,143,148,153,158,162,167,172,177,182,187,192,197,202,207,212,217,222,227,232,237,242,244,249,254,259,264,269,274,279,284,289,294,299,301,306,311,316,321,326,331,333,338,343,348,353,358,363,368,373,378,383,388,393,398,403,408,410,415,420,425,430,435,440,445,450,455,460,465,470,475,480,485,489,494,499,504,509,514,519,524,529,534,539,544,549,554,559,564,569,574,579,583,588,593,598,603,608,613,618,623,627,631,636,641,646,651,656,661,665,670,675,680,685,689,694,699,704,709,714,719,724,729,734,739,744,749,754,759,764,769,774,779,784,789,794,799,804,809,814,819,824,828,833,838,843,848,853,855,860,865,870,875,880,885,890,895,900,905,907,912,917,922,927,932,937,942],{"id":64,"name":65,"slug":66,"priority":15,"chapter_name":22},8,"Mal absoluto","mal-absoluto",{"id":68,"name":69,"slug":70,"priority":71,"chapter_name":22},20,"Racionalismo","racionalismo",2,{"id":73,"name":74,"slug":75,"priority":76,"chapter_name":22},88,"Idea del Bien (Platón)","idea-del-bien-platon",3,{"id":78,"name":79,"slug":80,"priority":81,"chapter_name":22},107,"Referente empírico","referente-empirico",4,{"id":83,"name":84,"slug":85,"priority":6,"chapter_name":22},116,"Scientia non duplicanda est","scientia-non-duplicanda-est",{"id":87,"name":88,"slug":89,"priority":90,"chapter_name":22},117,"Objeto material y objeto formal","objeto-material-y-objeto-formal",6,{"id":92,"name":93,"slug":94,"priority":95,"chapter_name":22},124,"Paradigma fenomenológico","paradigma-fenomenologico",7,{"id":97,"name":98,"slug":99,"priority":95,"chapter_name":22},243,"Ultima ratio","ultima-ratio",{"id":101,"name":102,"slug":103,"priority":64,"chapter_name":22},157,"Razón autorreflexiva","razon-autorreflexiva",{"id":105,"name":106,"slug":107,"priority":108,"chapter_name":22},190,"Ficcionalismo","ficcionalismo",9,{"id":110,"name":111,"slug":112,"priority":113,"chapter_name":22},202,"Verdad moral","verdad-moral",10,{"id":115,"name":116,"slug":117,"priority":118,"chapter_name":22},207,"Libertad individual","libertad-individual",11,{"id":120,"name":121,"slug":122,"priority":118,"chapter_name":22},286,"Supuesto (suposición)","supuesto-suposicion",{"id":124,"name":125,"slug":126,"priority":127,"chapter_name":22},215,"Verdad lógica","verdad-logica",12,{"id":129,"name":130,"slug":131,"priority":132,"chapter_name":22},273,"Paradigma materialista","paradigma-materialista",13,{"id":134,"name":135,"slug":136,"priority":137,"chapter_name":22},277,"Paradigma dominante (paradigma prevaleciente)","paradigma-dominante-paradigma-prevaleciente",14,{"id":139,"name":140,"slug":141,"priority":142,"chapter_name":22},290,"Caja negra","caja-negra",15,{"id":144,"name":145,"slug":146,"priority":147,"chapter_name":22},300,"Razonamiento circular","razonamiento-circular",16,{"id":149,"name":150,"slug":151,"priority":152,"chapter_name":22},316,"Análisis multiescalar","analisis-multiescalar",18,{"id":154,"name":155,"slug":156,"priority":157,"chapter_name":22},331,"Hipótesis de trabajo","hipotesis-de-trabajo",19,{"id":159,"name":160,"slug":161,"priority":68,"chapter_name":22},354,"Justicia conmutativa","justicia-conmutativa",{"id":163,"name":164,"slug":165,"priority":166,"chapter_name":22},355,"El movimiento se demuestra andando","el-movimiento-se-demuestra-andando",21,{"id":168,"name":169,"slug":170,"priority":171,"chapter_name":22},356,"Solvitur ambulando","solvitur-ambulando",22,{"id":173,"name":174,"slug":175,"priority":176,"chapter_name":22},362,"Compartimentalización (epistemología)","compartimentalizacion-epistemologia",23,{"id":178,"name":179,"slug":180,"priority":181,"chapter_name":22},374,"Cambio cualitativo","cambio-cualitativo",24,{"id":183,"name":184,"slug":185,"priority":186,"chapter_name":22},385,"Ética referencial","etica-referencial",25,{"id":188,"name":189,"slug":190,"priority":191,"chapter_name":22},417,"Espacialización","espacializacion",26,{"id":193,"name":194,"slug":195,"priority":196,"chapter_name":22},447,"Escepticismo ético","escepticismo-etico",27,{"id":198,"name":199,"slug":200,"priority":201,"chapter_name":22},457,"Interpretativismo (paradigma interpretativo, paradigma interpretativista)","interpretativismo-paradigma-interpretativo-paradigma-interpretativista",28,{"id":203,"name":204,"slug":205,"priority":206,"chapter_name":22},470,"Apertura existencial","apertura-existencial",29,{"id":208,"name":209,"slug":210,"priority":211,"chapter_name":22},480,"Teorización","teorizacion",30,{"id":213,"name":214,"slug":215,"priority":216,"chapter_name":22},510,"Sustancialización","sustancializacion",31,{"id":218,"name":219,"slug":220,"priority":221,"chapter_name":22},523,"Ontologización","ontologizacion",32,{"id":223,"name":224,"slug":225,"priority":226,"chapter_name":22},537,"Socialismo científico (comunismo científico)","socialismo-cientifico-comunismo-cientifico",33,{"id":228,"name":229,"slug":230,"priority":231,"chapter_name":22},547,"Totalizante","totalizante",34,{"id":233,"name":234,"slug":235,"priority":236,"chapter_name":22},574,"Objeto material y formal de la fisiología","objeto-material-y-formal-de-la-fisiologia",35,{"id":238,"name":239,"slug":240,"priority":241,"chapter_name":22},588,"Objeto material y formal de la anatomía","objeto-material-y-formal-de-la-anatomia",36,{"id":57,"name":58,"slug":59,"priority":243,"chapter_name":22},37,{"id":245,"name":246,"slug":247,"priority":248,"chapter_name":22},598,"Cientismo (cientifismo, cientificismo)","cientismo-cientifismo-cientificismo",38,{"id":250,"name":251,"slug":252,"priority":253,"chapter_name":22},617,"Verdad epistemológica y verdad ontológica","verdad-epistemologica-y-verdad-ontologica",39,{"id":255,"name":256,"slug":257,"priority":258,"chapter_name":22},622,"Objetividad","objetividad",40,{"id":260,"name":261,"slug":262,"priority":263,"chapter_name":22},636,"Objeto material y formal de la filosofía","objeto-material-y-formal-de-la-filosofia",41,{"id":265,"name":266,"slug":267,"priority":268,"chapter_name":22},644,"Paradigma exploratorio (método exploratorio, fase exploratoria)","paradigma-exploratorio-metodo-exploratorio-fase-exploratoria",42,{"id":270,"name":271,"slug":272,"priority":273,"chapter_name":22},647,"Paradigma empírico-analítico","paradigma-empirico-analitico",43,{"id":275,"name":276,"slug":277,"priority":278,"chapter_name":22},659,"Ética de mínimos","etica-de-minimos",44,{"id":280,"name":281,"slug":282,"priority":283,"chapter_name":22},660,"Ética de máximos","etica-de-maximos",45,{"id":285,"name":286,"slug":287,"priority":288,"chapter_name":22},669,"Paradigma emergente","paradigma-emergente",46,{"id":290,"name":291,"slug":292,"priority":293,"chapter_name":22},671,"Paradigma postpositivista (postpositivismo)","paradigma-postpositivista-postpositivismo",47,{"id":295,"name":296,"slug":297,"priority":298,"chapter_name":22},689,"Ecosofía","ecosofia",48,{"id":32,"name":33,"slug":34,"priority":300,"chapter_name":22},49,{"id":302,"name":303,"slug":304,"priority":305,"chapter_name":22},707,"Verdad subjetiva","verdad-subjetiva",50,{"id":307,"name":308,"slug":309,"priority":310,"chapter_name":22},766,"Banalidad y banalización","banalidad-y-banalizacion",51,{"id":312,"name":313,"slug":314,"priority":315,"chapter_name":22},799,"Igualdad natural","igualdad-natural",52,{"id":317,"name":318,"slug":319,"priority":320,"chapter_name":22},876,"Incertidumbre","incertidumbre",53,{"id":322,"name":323,"slug":324,"priority":325,"chapter_name":22},885,"Esencialización","esencializacion",54,{"id":327,"name":328,"slug":329,"priority":330,"chapter_name":22},905,"Ecoética","ecoetica",55,{"id":42,"name":43,"slug":44,"priority":332,"chapter_name":22},56,{"id":334,"name":335,"slug":336,"priority":337,"chapter_name":22},922,"Abstracto","abstracto",57,{"id":339,"name":340,"slug":341,"priority":342,"chapter_name":22},954,"Materialismo histórico dialéctico","materialismo-historico-dialectico",58,{"id":344,"name":345,"slug":346,"priority":347,"chapter_name":22},996,"Juicio diferido","juicio-diferido",59,{"id":349,"name":350,"slug":351,"priority":352,"chapter_name":22},1004,"Naturaleza humana","naturaleza-humana",60,{"id":354,"name":355,"slug":356,"priority":357,"chapter_name":22},1043,"Generalización","generalizacion",61,{"id":359,"name":360,"slug":361,"priority":362,"chapter_name":22},1062,"Seres contingentes","seres-contingentes",62,{"id":364,"name":365,"slug":366,"priority":367,"chapter_name":22},1087,"Lógica formal","logica-formal",63,{"id":369,"name":370,"slug":371,"priority":372,"chapter_name":22},1115,"Caesar non est supra grammaticos","caesar-non-est-supra-grammaticos",64,{"id":374,"name":375,"slug":376,"priority":377,"chapter_name":22},1133,"Dogmatismo","dogmatismo",65,{"id":379,"name":380,"slug":381,"priority":382,"chapter_name":22},1171,"Tolerancia","tolerancia",66,{"id":384,"name":385,"slug":386,"priority":387,"chapter_name":22},1179,"Verdad (Platón)","verdad-platon",67,{"id":389,"name":390,"slug":391,"priority":392,"chapter_name":22},1180,"Necesidad filosófica","necesidad-filosofica",68,{"id":394,"name":395,"slug":396,"priority":397,"chapter_name":22},1195,"Condición sine qua non","condicion-sine-qua-non",69,{"id":399,"name":400,"slug":401,"priority":402,"chapter_name":22},1209,"Fundamentos científicos","fundamentos-cientificos",70,{"id":404,"name":405,"slug":406,"priority":407,"chapter_name":22},1208,"Monopsiquismo","monopsiquismo",71,{"id":47,"name":48,"slug":49,"priority":409,"chapter_name":22},72,{"id":411,"name":412,"slug":413,"priority":414,"chapter_name":22},1228,"Altruismo eficaz","altruismo-eficaz",73,{"id":416,"name":417,"slug":418,"priority":419,"chapter_name":22},1264,"Contextualización","contextualizacion",74,{"id":421,"name":422,"slug":423,"priority":424,"chapter_name":22},1275,"Agustín de Hipona: ideas ejemplares","agustin-de-hipona-ideas-ejemplares",75,{"id":426,"name":427,"slug":428,"priority":429,"chapter_name":22},1303,"Inteligencia 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retorno","punto-de-no-retorno",84,{"id":471,"name":472,"slug":473,"priority":474,"chapter_name":22},1632,"La Ciudad de Dios (Agustín de Hipona): ciudad celeste y ciudad terrenal","la-ciudad-de-dios-agustin-de-hipona-ciudad-celeste-y-ciudad-terrenal",85,{"id":476,"name":477,"slug":478,"priority":479,"chapter_name":22},1664,"Agustín de Hipona: biografía","agustin-de-hipona-biografia",86,{"id":481,"name":482,"slug":483,"priority":484,"chapter_name":22},1683,"Krausismo","krausismo",87,{"id":486,"name":487,"slug":488,"priority":73,"chapter_name":22},1694,"Esencia social humana: el hombre es un ser social por naturaleza (zoon 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