[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":956},["Reactive",2],{"options:asyncdata:$ogpPUTwkW6:/p/conocimiento-empirico:0":3},{"page":4,"book":25,"news":950,"questionSent":19,"questions":951,"formData":952,"attachments":22,"chartData":22,"pending":19,"chartOptions":953,"afspec":19,"aflink":955},{"id":5,"book_id":6,"chapter_id":7,"name":8,"slug":9,"html":10,"priority":11,"created_at":12,"updated_at":13,"created_by":14,"updated_by":18,"draft":19,"markdown":20,"revision_count":15,"template":19,"owned_by":21,"editor":20,"trends":22,"raw_html":23,"tags":24},4004,5,0,"Conocimiento empírico","conocimiento-empirico","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-el-conocimiento-emp%C3%AD\">El \u003Cstrong>conocimiento empírico\u003C/strong> es aquel que procede y se basa en la experiencia sensible, bien a través de la observación directa o mediante experimentación, pudiendo ser este particular o relativo a casos concretos, o general, cuando mediante la generalización o inducción estadística se establecen proposiciones sobre una categoría de objetos o fenómenos. \u003C/p>",181,"2026-02-18T15:55:40.000000Z","2026-02-18T16:03:58.000000Z",{"id":15,"name":16,"slug":17},1,"Admin","admin",{"id":15,"name":16,"slug":17},false,"",{"id":15,"name":16,"slug":17},null,"\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-el-conocimiento-emp%C3%AD\">El \u003Cstrong>conocimiento empírico\u003C/strong> es aquel que procede y se basa en la experiencia sensible, bien a través de la observación directa o mediante experimentación, pudiendo ser este particular o relativo a casos concretos, o general, cuando mediante la generalización o inducción estadística se establecen proposiciones sobre una categoría de objetos o fenómenos. \u003C/p>",[],{"id":6,"name":26,"slug":27,"description":20,"created_at":28,"updated_at":29,"created_by":15,"updated_by":15,"owned_by":15,"default_template_id":22,"pages":30,"index":61,"shelves":943},"Filosofía general","filosofia-general","2023-05-06T08:36:06.000000Z","2023-05-07T11:56:13.000000Z",[31,36,41,46,51,56],{"id":32,"name":33,"slug":34,"html":35},202,"Verdad moral","verdad-moral","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-la-verdad-moral-es-u\">La \u003Cstrong>verdad moral\u003C/strong> es un concepto que hace referencia los principios morales como valores y realidades absolutas que no dependen de la voluntad o el acuerdo en una sociedad o grupo humano, sino del entendimiento, de modo que aquellos principios van revestidos de un valor de verdad que no se basa en la opinión subjetiva del grupo, siendo de este modo la verdad moral contraria al relativismo moral. Como ejemplo de esta concepción, tenemos el caso de la Alemania nazi, cuando una gran parte de la sociedad alemana tomó parte más o menos activa en atrocidades difícilmente justificables; en este caso, la verdad moral desde el entendimiento racional condena esos actos. aún cuando estas eran aceptadas por la mayoría de la población.\u003C/p>",{"id":37,"name":38,"slug":39,"html":40},331,"Hipótesis de trabajo","hipotesis-de-trabajo","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-las-hip%C3%B3tesis-de-tra\">Las \u003Cstrong>hipótesis de trabajo, hipótesis operacional o hipótesis de partida\u003C/strong> son afirmaciones o supuestos que se toman como válidos y verdaderos puntos de partida para el desarrollo de una investigación o proceso de decisión, frecuentemente basados en investigaciones previas, con la convicción  o intuición de que conducirán a resultados que permitan su verificación y desarrollo, de cara a seguir avanzando en dichas tareas. De no ser así, se abandonarían esas hipótesis para volver a tomar otras alternativas. Por ejemplo, puede tomarse como hipótesis de trabajo que se considera, en base a estudios previos, que la segregación de alumnos según su nivel de matemáticas, ayuda a mejorar el desempeño matemático de los alumnos con alto nivel, pero puesta en marcha dicha hipótesis, puede ocurrir que el nivel matemático no mejore, por lo que habría que abandonar dicha hipótesis de trabajo y partir de otra.\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-a-diferencia-de-la-h\">A diferencia de la hipótesis científicas, en relación a una hipótesis de trabajo no se pretende establecer si es taxativamente o probabilísticamente verdadera o falsa, sino que ayude en el avance de la investigación o en la correcta toma de decisiones. Por todo ello, las hipótesis de trabajo son por naturaleza flexibles y variables, métodos de prueba y error por decirlo de alguna forma, hipótesis provisionales que se aceptan cuando funcionan y se desechan cuando dejan de hacerlo, para seguir con otra. Es importante pues, no tomar las hipótesis de trabajo como dogmas. \u003Cbr>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-las-hip%C3%B3tesis-de-tra-1\">Las hipótesis de trabajo se plantean y utilizan sobre todo en las ciencias sociales y tienen cierto paralelismo con las conjeturas matemáticas, que son leyes matemáticas con evidencia de plausibilidad pero no demostradas formalmente. Dentro de ellas, puede establecerse como primera distinción una clasificación entre  \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/hipotesis-descriptiva\">hipótesis descriptivas\u003C/a>\u003C/strong> e \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/hipotesis-causal-hipotesis-de-dependencia-causal-hipotesis-de-relacion-causal\">hipótesis causales\u003C/a>\u003C/strong>, dependiendo del tipo de afirmación o supuesto que establezcan. \u003C/p>",{"id":42,"name":43,"slug":44,"html":45},2734,"Certidumbre","certidumbre","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-la-certidumbre-es-la\">La\u003Cstrong> certidumbre\u003C/strong> es la cualidad de aquello que es cierto, real, seguro,  indubitable o verdadero, en el sentido de que se corresponde con los hechos o evidencia. No debe confundirse con certeza que se refiere más bien a una convicción absoluta en el ámibotp ersonal. Lo opuesto a la certidumbre es la incertidumbre, lo que es incierto, la creencia o la duda. En términos filosóficos, es la situación que se da cuando no existe ninguna duda sobre la realidad de algo y en ese sentido es rechazada como posibilidad por el escepticismo. La certidumbre se relaciona también con lo que es evidente, esto es, con lo que aparece como claro a nuestros ojos, a nuestros sentidos, entroncándose de esta forma con el problema de la realidad de aquello que se nos aparece, cuestión filosófica central desde al menos el mito de la caverna de Platón.\u003C/p>",{"id":47,"name":48,"slug":49,"html":50},2025,"Verdad objetiva","verdad-objetiva","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-la-verdad-objetiva-e\">La \u003Cstrong>verdad objetiva\u003C/strong> es la correspondencia de lo que afirma una proposición con la realidad, con los objetos del mundo, independientemente del sujeto que la formule. Es un concepto problemático en el sentido de que el hecho de que una proposición exista conlleva la existencia de un sujeto que la afirma y por tanto la influencia de dicha sujeto en la perspectiva de la proposición. Desde esta postura escéptica en relación a la verdad objetiva podría considerarse el concepto de verdad objetiva como un oxímoron, ya que todas las verdades serían subjetivas. Según otros, la verdad objetiva es lo que es verdaderamente real, es decir, la verdad sin intermediación del conocimiento o proposición alguna; sin embargo, la realidad se nos presenta siempre como fenoménica, desde nuestra perspectiva, por tanto no existiría una realidad única, ya que esta siempre aparece bajo un tamiz. La postura generalmente aceptada es que la verdad objetiva es aquella que ha sido verificada o es verificable de acuerdo a nuestra experiencia humana común que se acepta como evidencia, obviando las experiencias o percepciones particulares de cada uno.\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-puede-interesarte-ta\">\u003Cstrong>Puede interesarte también\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cul id=\"bkmrk-verdad-subjetiva\">\r\n\u003Cli class=\"null\">\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/verdad-subjetiva\">\u003Cstrong>Verdad subjetiva\u003C/strong>\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>",{"id":52,"name":53,"slug":54,"html":55},3320,"Método cartesiano","metodo-cartesiano","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-el-m%C3%A9todo-cartesiano\">El \u003Cstrong>método cartesiano\u003C/strong> es el conjunto de pasos y principios a desarrollar en la búsqueda de la verdad, tal como los planteó el filósofo René Descartes, considerado precursor del racionalismo. Desarrolló este concepto en su obra \u003Cem>Discurso del método\u003C/em> (\u003Cem>Discours de la méthode\u003C/em>, 1637).\u003Cbr>\u003Cbr>Para Descartes el método parte de la duda metódica, según la cual debe descartarse todo conocimiento del que sea posible dudar y no se presente con total evidencia. Partiendo de esta duda metódica, Descartes afirmó el principio de \u003Cem>cogito ergo sum\u003C/em> como principio verdadero a partir del cual se construye todo el conocimiento; este prinxipio, por intuición y utilizando la regla de la evidencia, debe ser considerado como la primera verdad. A partir de ahí, Descartes propone la utilización de la deducción para llegar a todas las demás verdades, desarrollando sucesivamente el análisis (dividiendo un problema en partes lo más pequeñas posibles), la síntesis (completando esas partes para llegar a verdades más complejas) y la enumeración (enumerando todos los pasos dados y todas las conclusiones para asegurar el conocimiento obtenido).\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-%C2%A0\"> \u003C/p>",{"id":57,"name":58,"slug":59,"html":60},574,"Objeto material y formal de la fisiología","objeto-material-y-formal-de-la-fisiologia","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-el-objeto-material-d\">El \u003Cstrong>objeto material\u003C/strong> de la fisiología es el cuerpo humano. El \u003Cstrong>objeto formal\u003C/strong>, por otra parte, es el funcionamiento fisicoquímico del cuerpo humano, en sus diferentes niveles, desde el nivel celular hasta el nivel de los órganos. Por ejemplo, uno de los objetos materiales de la fisiología es el cerebro, y el objeto formal correspondería al funcionamiento de las neuronas y la estructuración de las partes del cerebro en relación a las funciones que desarrollan.\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-puede-interesarte-ta\">\u003Cstrong>Puede interesarte también\u003C/strong>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cul id=\"bkmrk-objeto-material-y-fo\">\r\n\u003Cli>Objeto material y formal (en general)\u003C/li>\r\n\u003C/ul>",{"":62},[63,67,72,77,82,86,91,96,100,104,109,111,116,120,125,130,135,140,145,150,152,156,161,166,171,176,181,186,191,196,201,206,211,216,221,226,228,233,238,243,248,253,258,263,268,273,278,283,288,293,298,303,308,313,318,323,328,333,338,343,348,353,358,363,368,373,378,383,388,393,398,403,408,413,418,423,428,433,438,443,448,453,458,463,468,473,478,483,488,492,497,502,507,512,517,522,527,532,537,542,547,552,557,562,567,572,577,582,586,591,596,598,603,608,613,618,623,627,631,636,641,646,651,656,661,665,670,675,680,685,689,694,699,704,709,714,719,724,729,734,739,744,749,754,759,761,766,771,776,781,786,791,796,801,806,811,816,821,825,830,835,840,845,850,855,857,862,867,872,877,882,887,892,897,902,907,912,917,922,927,932,937,938],{"id":64,"name":65,"slug":66,"priority":15,"chapter_name":22},8,"Mal absoluto","mal-absoluto",{"id":68,"name":69,"slug":70,"priority":71,"chapter_name":22},20,"Racionalismo","racionalismo",2,{"id":73,"name":74,"slug":75,"priority":76,"chapter_name":22},88,"Idea del Bien (Platón)","idea-del-bien-platon",3,{"id":78,"name":79,"slug":80,"priority":81,"chapter_name":22},107,"Referente empírico","referente-empirico",4,{"id":83,"name":84,"slug":85,"priority":6,"chapter_name":22},116,"Scientia non duplicanda est","scientia-non-duplicanda-est",{"id":87,"name":88,"slug":89,"priority":90,"chapter_name":22},117,"Objeto material y objeto formal","objeto-material-y-objeto-formal",6,{"id":92,"name":93,"slug":94,"priority":95,"chapter_name":22},124,"Paradigma fenomenológico","paradigma-fenomenologico",7,{"id":97,"name":98,"slug":99,"priority":95,"chapter_name":22},243,"Ultima ratio","ultima-ratio",{"id":101,"name":102,"slug":103,"priority":64,"chapter_name":22},157,"Razón autorreflexiva","razon-autorreflexiva",{"id":105,"name":106,"slug":107,"priority":108,"chapter_name":22},190,"Ficcionalismo","ficcionalismo",9,{"id":32,"name":33,"slug":34,"priority":110,"chapter_name":22},10,{"id":112,"name":113,"slug":114,"priority":115,"chapter_name":22},207,"Libertad individual","libertad-individual",11,{"id":117,"name":118,"slug":119,"priority":115,"chapter_name":22},286,"Supuesto (suposición)","supuesto-suposicion",{"id":121,"name":122,"slug":123,"priority":124,"chapter_name":22},215,"Verdad lógica","verdad-logica",12,{"id":126,"name":127,"slug":128,"priority":129,"chapter_name":22},273,"Paradigma materialista","paradigma-materialista",13,{"id":131,"name":132,"slug":133,"priority":134,"chapter_name":22},277,"Paradigma dominante (paradigma prevaleciente)","paradigma-dominante-paradigma-prevaleciente",14,{"id":136,"name":137,"slug":138,"priority":139,"chapter_name":22},290,"Caja negra","caja-negra",15,{"id":141,"name":142,"slug":143,"priority":144,"chapter_name":22},300,"Razonamiento circular","razonamiento-circular",16,{"id":146,"name":147,"slug":148,"priority":149,"chapter_name":22},316,"Análisis multiescalar","analisis-multiescalar",18,{"id":37,"name":38,"slug":39,"priority":151,"chapter_name":22},19,{"id":153,"name":154,"slug":155,"priority":68,"chapter_name":22},354,"Justicia conmutativa","justicia-conmutativa",{"id":157,"name":158,"slug":159,"priority":160,"chapter_name":22},355,"El movimiento se demuestra andando","el-movimiento-se-demuestra-andando",21,{"id":162,"name":163,"slug":164,"priority":165,"chapter_name":22},356,"Solvitur ambulando","solvitur-ambulando",22,{"id":167,"name":168,"slug":169,"priority":170,"chapter_name":22},362,"Compartimentalización (epistemología)","compartimentalizacion-epistemologia",23,{"id":172,"name":173,"slug":174,"priority":175,"chapter_name":22},374,"Cambio cualitativo","cambio-cualitativo",24,{"id":177,"name":178,"slug":179,"priority":180,"chapter_name":22},385,"Ética referencial","etica-referencial",25,{"id":182,"name":183,"slug":184,"priority":185,"chapter_name":22},417,"Espacialización","espacializacion",26,{"id":187,"name":188,"slug":189,"priority":190,"chapter_name":22},447,"Escepticismo ético","escepticismo-etico",27,{"id":192,"name":193,"slug":194,"priority":195,"chapter_name":22},457,"Interpretativismo (paradigma interpretativo, paradigma interpretativista)","interpretativismo-paradigma-interpretativo-paradigma-interpretativista",28,{"id":197,"name":198,"slug":199,"priority":200,"chapter_name":22},470,"Apertura existencial","apertura-existencial",29,{"id":202,"name":203,"slug":204,"priority":205,"chapter_name":22},480,"Teorización","teorizacion",30,{"id":207,"name":208,"slug":209,"priority":210,"chapter_name":22},510,"Sustancialización","sustancializacion",31,{"id":212,"name":213,"slug":214,"priority":215,"chapter_name":22},523,"Ontologización","ontologizacion",32,{"id":217,"name":218,"slug":219,"priority":220,"chapter_name":22},537,"Socialismo científico (comunismo científico)","socialismo-cientifico-comunismo-cientifico",33,{"id":222,"name":223,"slug":224,"priority":225,"chapter_name":22},547,"Totalizante","totalizante",34,{"id":57,"name":58,"slug":59,"priority":227,"chapter_name":22},35,{"id":229,"name":230,"slug":231,"priority":232,"chapter_name":22},588,"Objeto material y formal de la anatomía","objeto-material-y-formal-de-la-anatomia",36,{"id":234,"name":235,"slug":236,"priority":237,"chapter_name":22},591,"Objeto material y formal de la citología","objeto-material-y-formal-de-la-citologia",37,{"id":239,"name":240,"slug":241,"priority":242,"chapter_name":22},598,"Cientismo (cientifismo, cientificismo)","cientismo-cientifismo-cientificismo",38,{"id":244,"name":245,"slug":246,"priority":247,"chapter_name":22},617,"Verdad epistemológica y verdad ontológica","verdad-epistemologica-y-verdad-ontologica",39,{"id":249,"name":250,"slug":251,"priority":252,"chapter_name":22},622,"Objetividad","objetividad",40,{"id":254,"name":255,"slug":256,"priority":257,"chapter_name":22},636,"Objeto material y formal de la filosofía","objeto-material-y-formal-de-la-filosofia",41,{"id":259,"name":260,"slug":261,"priority":262,"chapter_name":22},644,"Paradigma exploratorio (método exploratorio, fase exploratoria)","paradigma-exploratorio-metodo-exploratorio-fase-exploratoria",42,{"id":264,"name":265,"slug":266,"priority":267,"chapter_name":22},647,"Paradigma empírico-analítico","paradigma-empirico-analitico",43,{"id":269,"name":270,"slug":271,"priority":272,"chapter_name":22},659,"Ética de mínimos","etica-de-minimos",44,{"id":274,"name":275,"slug":276,"priority":277,"chapter_name":22},660,"Ética de máximos","etica-de-maximos",45,{"id":279,"name":280,"slug":281,"priority":282,"chapter_name":22},669,"Paradigma emergente","paradigma-emergente",46,{"id":284,"name":285,"slug":286,"priority":287,"chapter_name":22},671,"Paradigma postpositivista (postpositivismo)","paradigma-postpositivista-postpositivismo",47,{"id":289,"name":290,"slug":291,"priority":292,"chapter_name":22},689,"Ecosofía","ecosofia",48,{"id":294,"name":295,"slug":296,"priority":297,"chapter_name":22},706,"Verdad relativa","verdad-relativa",49,{"id":299,"name":300,"slug":301,"priority":302,"chapter_name":22},707,"Verdad subjetiva","verdad-subjetiva",50,{"id":304,"name":305,"slug":306,"priority":307,"chapter_name":22},766,"Banalidad y banalización","banalidad-y-banalizacion",51,{"id":309,"name":310,"slug":311,"priority":312,"chapter_name":22},799,"Igualdad natural","igualdad-natural",52,{"id":314,"name":315,"slug":316,"priority":317,"chapter_name":22},876,"Incertidumbre","incertidumbre",53,{"id":319,"name":320,"slug":321,"priority":322,"chapter_name":22},885,"Esencialización","esencializacion",54,{"id":324,"name":325,"slug":326,"priority":327,"chapter_name":22},905,"Ecoética","ecoetica",55,{"id":329,"name":330,"slug":331,"priority":332,"chapter_name":22},915,"Conceptualización","conceptualizacion",56,{"id":334,"name":335,"slug":336,"priority":337,"chapter_name":22},922,"Abstracto","abstracto",57,{"id":339,"name":340,"slug":341,"priority":342,"chapter_name":22},954,"Materialismo histórico dialéctico","materialismo-historico-dialectico",58,{"id":344,"name":345,"slug":346,"priority":347,"chapter_name":22},996,"Juicio diferido","juicio-diferido",59,{"id":349,"name":350,"slug":351,"priority":352,"chapter_name":22},1004,"Naturaleza humana","naturaleza-humana",60,{"id":354,"name":355,"slug":356,"priority":357,"chapter_name":22},1043,"Generalización","generalizacion",61,{"id":359,"name":360,"slug":361,"priority":362,"chapter_name":22},1062,"Seres contingentes","seres-contingentes",62,{"id":364,"name":365,"slug":366,"priority":367,"chapter_name":22},1087,"Lógica formal","logica-formal",63,{"id":369,"name":370,"slug":371,"priority":372,"chapter_name":22},1115,"Caesar non est supra grammaticos","caesar-non-est-supra-grammaticos",64,{"id":374,"name":375,"slug":376,"priority":377,"chapter_name":22},1133,"Dogmatismo","dogmatismo",65,{"id":379,"name":380,"slug":381,"priority":382,"chapter_name":22},1171,"Tolerancia","tolerancia",66,{"id":384,"name":385,"slug":386,"priority":387,"chapter_name":22},1179,"Verdad (Platón)","verdad-platon",67,{"id":389,"name":390,"slug":391,"priority":392,"chapter_name":22},1180,"Necesidad filosófica","necesidad-filosofica",68,{"id":394,"name":395,"slug":396,"priority":397,"chapter_name":22},1195,"Condición sine qua non","condicion-sine-qua-non",69,{"id":399,"name":400,"slug":401,"priority":402,"chapter_name":22},1209,"Fundamentos científicos","fundamentos-cientificos",70,{"id":404,"name":405,"slug":406,"priority":407,"chapter_name":22},1208,"Monopsiquismo","monopsiquismo",71,{"id":409,"name":410,"slug":411,"priority":412,"chapter_name":22},1222,"Espíritu","espiritu",72,{"id":414,"name":415,"slug":416,"priority":417,"chapter_name":22},1228,"Altruismo eficaz","altruismo-eficaz",73,{"id":419,"name":420,"slug":421,"priority":422,"chapter_name":22},1264,"Contextualización","contextualizacion",74,{"id":424,"name":425,"slug":426,"priority":427,"chapter_name":22},1275,"Agustín de Hipona: ideas 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