[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":1153},["Reactive",2],{"options:asyncdata:$ogpPUTwkW6:/p/ciudad-region:0":3},{"page":4,"book":25,"news":1147,"questionSent":19,"questions":1148,"formData":1149,"attachments":22,"chartData":22,"pending":19,"chartOptions":1150,"afspec":19,"aflink":1152},{"id":5,"book_id":6,"chapter_id":7,"name":8,"slug":9,"html":10,"priority":11,"created_at":12,"updated_at":13,"created_by":14,"updated_by":18,"draft":19,"markdown":20,"revision_count":15,"template":19,"owned_by":21,"editor":20,"trends":22,"raw_html":23,"tags":24},4018,11,0,"Ciudad-región","ciudad-region","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-las-ciudades-regi%C3%B3n-\">\u003Cspan id=\"bkmrk-las-ciudades-regi%C3%B3n--1\" class=\"form-control-text textarea\" style=\"display: block;\" role=\"textbox\">Las \u003Cstrong>ciudades-región\u003C/strong> son grandes áreas urbanas que amplían su área de influencia a la región circundante, integrándose funcionalmente con ella. Es un concepto que puede considerarse sinónimo de metrópoli. \u003C/span>\u003C/p>",45,"2026-02-20T14:35:43.000000Z","2026-03-08T13:57:12.000000Z",{"id":15,"name":16,"slug":17},1,"Admin","admin",{"id":15,"name":16,"slug":17},false,"",{"id":15,"name":16,"slug":17},null,"\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-las-ciudades-regi%C3%B3n-\">\u003Cspan id=\"bkmrk-las-ciudades-regi%C3%B3n--1\" class=\"form-control-text textarea\" style=\"display: block;\" role=\"textbox\">Las \u003Cstrong>ciudades-región\u003C/strong> son grandes áreas urbanas que amplían su área de influencia a la región circundante, integrándose funcionalmente con ella. Es un concepto que puede considerarse sinónimo de metrópoli. \u003C/span>\u003C/p>",[],{"id":6,"name":26,"slug":27,"description":20,"created_at":28,"updated_at":28,"created_by":15,"updated_by":15,"owned_by":15,"default_template_id":22,"pages":29,"index":60,"shelves":1140},"Geografía general","geografia-general","2023-05-07T12:43:44.000000Z",[30,35,40,45,50,55],{"id":31,"name":32,"slug":33,"html":34},2535,"Unidad de ejecución","unidad-de-ejecucion","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-una-unidad-de-ejecuc\">Una \u003Cstrong>unidad de ejecución\u003C/strong> es un terreno de suelo urbano o urbanizable con una delimitación concreta en el que se ha proyectado una actuación urbanística integrada.\u003C/p>",{"id":36,"name":37,"slug":38,"html":39},1564,"Continente","continente","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-un-continente-es-una\">Un \u003Cstrong>continente\u003C/strong> es una gran extensión de territorio, a nivel planetario, rodeada en gran medida o totalmente por el mar. Las islas que rodean un continente suelen normalmente asociarse a este. Generalmente se distinguen estos continente en el planeta Tierra: Europa, Asia, África, Norteamérica, Sudamérica, Australia y la Antártida. Otras listas de continentes agrupan Europa y Asia en el continente llamado Eurasia, y reunen Norteamérica y Sudamérica en América. \u003C/p>",{"id":41,"name":42,"slug":43,"html":44},2154,"Escala cartográfica","escala-cartografica","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-la-escala-cartogr%C3%A1fi\">La \u003Cstrong>escala cartográfica o escala de un mapa\u003C/strong> es la relación entre la distancia medida en una mapa o plano y la distancia real correspondiente en el entorno que representa el mapa. Existen tres tipo de escala cartográfica: la \u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/escala-numerica\">escala numérica\u003C/a>, expresada en forma de razón o fracción entre la distancia del mapa y la distancia rela, la escala gráfica y la escala textual. \u003C/p>",{"id":46,"name":47,"slug":48,"html":49},2448,"Círculo máximo","circulo-maximo","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-\">\u003Ca href=\"https://es.gizapedia.org/uploads/images/gallery/2024-10/Ncy59oNkGhiIQgD6-grosskreis.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003Cimg src=\"https://es.gizapedia.org/uploads/images/gallery/2024-10/scaled-1680-/Ncy59oNkGhiIQgD6-grosskreis.png\" alt=\"Grosskreis.png\">\u003C/a>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-imagen%3A-c%C3%ADrculos-m%C3%A1x\">\u003Cem>Imagen: Círculos máximos en la esfera terrestre. Los meridianos son círculos máximos.\u003C/em>\u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-en-cartograf%C3%ADa%2C-un-c\">En cartografía, un \u003Cstrong>círculo máximo\u003C/strong> es el círculo sobre la esfera terrestre que se generacuando se corta la esfera con un plano que pasa por su centro. Un círculo máximo divide a la esfera en dos hemisferios. \u003C/p>",{"id":51,"name":52,"slug":53,"html":54},3829,"Mar Egeo","mar-egeo","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-el-mar-egeo%2C-o-sin-m\">\u003Cspan id=\"bkmrk-el-mar-egeo%2C-o-sin-m-1\" class=\"form-control-text textarea\" style=\"display: block;\" role=\"textbox\">\u003Ca href=\"https://es.gizapedia.org/uploads/images/gallery/2025-11/jpnb8tKd8tvQZj5m-aegean-with-legends.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003Cimg class=\"align-right\" src=\"https://es.gizapedia.org/uploads/images/gallery/2025-11/scaled-1680-/jpnb8tKd8tvQZj5m-aegean-with-legends.png\" alt=\"Aegean_with_legends.png\">\u003C/a>El \u003Cstrong>mar Egeo, o sin más, el Egeo\u003C/strong> (en latín \u003Cem>Mare Aegaeum\u003C/em>), es un mar interior situado al este del mar Mediterráneo, entre las costas de Grecia y Turquía, y que se extiende al norte desde el estrecho de los Dardanelos hacia las islas de Rodas y Creta al sur y la región del Peloponeso, con una extensión de aproximadamente 600 km de norte a sur y 400 km de oeste a este. Es una mar con numerosas islas, concentradas en su mayoría en los archipiélagos de las Espóradas, el Dodecaneso, Islas Sarónicas y las Cícladas, siendo la isla más grande la de Creta, que limita el mar por el sur; la mayoría de las islas pertenecen a Grecia, excepto las próximas a las costas de Turquía. En la antigüedad, el mar Egeo fue el centro de las antiguas civilizaciones minoica y micénica, y en sus costas se desarrollaron las ciudades comerciales que formarían la Antigua Grecia, como Atenas, Esparta, Corinto y Tebas. Etimológicamente, el nombre del mar proviene del rey Egeo. \u003C/span>\u003C/p>",{"id":56,"name":57,"slug":58,"html":59},1890,"Plataforma de abrasión","plataforma-de-abrasion","\u003Cdiv class=\"row\" id=\"bkmrk-\">\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"col-md-12 col-xs-12\">\u003Ca href=\"https://es.gizapedia.org/uploads/images/gallery/2024-03/9j00wvg5McoU5puB-basque-coast-geopark-flysch-063.jpeg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003Cimg src=\"https://es.gizapedia.org/uploads/images/gallery/2024-03/scaled-1680-/9j00wvg5McoU5puB-basque-coast-geopark-flysch-063.jpeg\" alt=\"Basque_Coast_Geopark-Flysch_06(3).jpeg\">\u003C/a>\u003C/div>\r\n\u003C/div>\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"col-md-12 col-xs-12\" id=\"bkmrk--1\">\u003C/div>\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"col-md-12 col-xs-12\" id=\"bkmrk-imagen%3A-plataforma-d\">\u003Cem>Imagen: Plataforma de abrasión, en Zumaia, País Vasco. Pueden observarse los cantos rodados, con origen en el acantilado que va retrocediendo y  un desgaste notable por el embate marino que origina que cohqoeu unas contra otras produciéndose un efecto de abrasión o desgaste. Créditos: Pacopac-Commons. \u003C/em>\u003C/div>\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"col-md-12 col-xs-12\" id=\"bkmrk--2\">\u003C/div>\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"row\" id=\"bkmrk-la%C2%A0plataforma-de-abr\">\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"col-md-12 col-xs-12\">La \u003Cstrong>plataforma de abrasión\u003C/strong> es una zona rocosa llana o de baja pendiente que se extiende desde el pie de un acantilado hasta el nivel de la costa donde se rompen las olas, causada por la erosión que produce el oleaje y la consiguiente colisión entre las rocas. Surgen como consecuencia del retroceso de los acantilados, que van soltando rocas que caen hacia el nivel del oleaje, para a continuación sufrir el embate de las olas. Coincide en gran medida con la rasa mareal.\u003Cbr>\u003C/div>\r\n\u003C/div>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-%C2%A0\"> \u003C/p>",{"":61},[62,66,70,75,80,85,90,95,100,105,110,115,119,124,129,134,139,144,149,154,159,164,169,174,179,184,189,194,199,204,209,214,219,224,229,234,239,244,249,251,256,261,266,271,276,281,282,287,292,297,302,304,309,314,319,324,329,334,339,344,349,354,359,364,369,374,379,383,388,393,398,403,408,413,418,423,428,430,435,440,445,450,455,460,465,470,475,480,485,490,495,500,504,509,514,519,524,529,534,539,544,549,554,559,564,569,574,579,583,588,593,598,603,608,613,618,623,628,633,638,643,648,653,658,663,668,673,678,683,688,693,698,703,708,710,715,720,725,729,734,739,744,749,754,759,764,769,774,779,784,789,794,799,804,809,814,819,824,829,834,839,844,849,854,859,864,866,871,876,880,885,890,895,899,903,908,913,918,923,928,932,937,942,947,952,957,962,967,972,977,982,987,992,997,1002,1007,1012,1017,1022,1027,1032,1037,1042,1047,1052,1057,1061,1065,1070,1074,1079,1081,1086,1091,1095,1100,1105,1110,1115,1120,1125,1130,1135],{"id":63,"name":64,"slug":65,"priority":7,"chapter_name":22},373,"Acción antrópica (actividad antrópica)","accion-antropica-actividad-antropica",{"id":67,"name":68,"slug":69,"priority":15,"chapter_name":22},648,"Aceleración urbana","aceleracion-urbana",{"id":71,"name":72,"slug":73,"priority":74,"chapter_name":22},3856,"Actividad agrícola","actividad-agricola",2,{"id":76,"name":77,"slug":78,"priority":79,"chapter_name":22},1147,"Afelio y perihelio","afelio-y-perihelio",3,{"id":81,"name":82,"slug":83,"priority":84,"chapter_name":22},213,"Agricultura","agricultura",4,{"id":86,"name":87,"slug":88,"priority":89,"chapter_name":22},2725,"Aguas oceánicas","aguas-oceanicas",5,{"id":91,"name":92,"slug":93,"priority":94,"chapter_name":22},1114,"Aguas superficiales","aguas-superficiales",6,{"id":96,"name":97,"slug":98,"priority":99,"chapter_name":22},438,"Albufera","albufera",7,{"id":101,"name":102,"slug":103,"priority":104,"chapter_name":22},2189,"Altiplano","altiplano",8,{"id":106,"name":107,"slug":108,"priority":109,"chapter_name":22},2177,"Altitud","altitud",9,{"id":111,"name":112,"slug":113,"priority":114,"chapter_name":22},2115,"Altitud geográfica y altitud media","altitud-geografica-y-altitud-media",10,{"id":116,"name":117,"slug":118,"priority":6,"chapter_name":22},179,"Amenazas locales y amenazas globales","amenazas-locales-y-amenazas-globales",{"id":120,"name":121,"slug":122,"priority":123,"chapter_name":22},1587,"Amplitud térmica (oscilación térmica)","amplitud-termica-oscilacion-termica",12,{"id":125,"name":126,"slug":127,"priority":128,"chapter_name":22},3013,"Anecúmene","anecumene",13,{"id":130,"name":131,"slug":132,"priority":133,"chapter_name":22},3354,"Antroposfera","antroposfera",14,{"id":135,"name":136,"slug":137,"priority":138,"chapter_name":22},1772,"Área metropolitana","area-metropolitana",15,{"id":140,"name":141,"slug":142,"priority":143,"chapter_name":22},1800,"Arroyo","arroyo",16,{"id":145,"name":146,"slug":147,"priority":148,"chapter_name":22},2163,"Astro rey","astro-rey",17,{"id":150,"name":151,"slug":152,"priority":153,"chapter_name":22},173,"Atractividad urbana","atractividad-urbana",18,{"id":155,"name":156,"slug":157,"priority":158,"chapter_name":22},3749,"Atributos geográficos (atributos del espacio geográficos)","atributos-geograficos-atributos-del-espacio-geograficos",19,{"id":160,"name":161,"slug":162,"priority":163,"chapter_name":22},2947,"Barra litoral (cordón litoral)","barra-litoral-cordon-litoral",20,{"id":165,"name":166,"slug":167,"priority":168,"chapter_name":22},3436,"Barrio (geografía urbana)","barrio-geografia-urbana",21,{"id":170,"name":171,"slug":172,"priority":173,"chapter_name":22},208,"Barrio chino","barrio-chino",22,{"id":175,"name":176,"slug":177,"priority":178,"chapter_name":22},2813,"Barrios obreros","barrios-obreros",23,{"id":180,"name":181,"slug":182,"priority":183,"chapter_name":22},3437,"Bioma","bioma",24,{"id":185,"name":186,"slug":187,"priority":188,"chapter_name":22},1065,"Bloque exento (edificio exento)","bloque-exento-edificio-exento",25,{"id":190,"name":191,"slug":192,"priority":193,"chapter_name":22},1837,"Bocage","bocage",26,{"id":195,"name":196,"slug":197,"priority":198,"chapter_name":22},2113,"Caladero de pesca","caladero-de-pesca",27,{"id":200,"name":201,"slug":202,"priority":203,"chapter_name":22},3418,"Cambio climático","cambio-climatico",28,{"id":205,"name":206,"slug":207,"priority":208,"chapter_name":22},239,"Campos abiertos (openfield)","campos-abiertos-openfield",29,{"id":210,"name":211,"slug":212,"priority":213,"chapter_name":22},1836,"Campos cerrados","campos-cerrados",30,{"id":215,"name":216,"slug":217,"priority":218,"chapter_name":22},2331,"Capital económica","capital-economica",31,{"id":220,"name":221,"slug":222,"priority":223,"chapter_name":22},1298,"Cárcavas","carcavas",32,{"id":225,"name":226,"slug":227,"priority":228,"chapter_name":22},485,"Carretera secundaria","carretera-secundaria",33,{"id":230,"name":231,"slug":232,"priority":233,"chapter_name":22},2405,"Carretera terciaria","carretera-terciaria",34,{"id":235,"name":236,"slug":237,"priority":238,"chapter_name":22},3108,"Casquete glaciar","casquete-glaciar",35,{"id":240,"name":241,"slug":242,"priority":243,"chapter_name":22},1663,"Casquetes polares","casquetes-polares",36,{"id":245,"name":246,"slug":247,"priority":248,"chapter_name":22},1010,"Caudal hidrológico","caudal-hidrologico",37,{"id":46,"name":47,"slug":48,"priority":250,"chapter_name":22},38,{"id":252,"name":253,"slug":254,"priority":255,"chapter_name":22},1689,"Ciudad compacta","ciudad-compacta",39,{"id":257,"name":258,"slug":259,"priority":260,"chapter_name":22},168,"Ciudad dispersa (ciudad difusa)","ciudad-dispersa-ciudad-difusa",40,{"id":262,"name":263,"slug":264,"priority":265,"chapter_name":22},1905,"Ciudad minera","ciudad-minera",41,{"id":267,"name":268,"slug":269,"priority":270,"chapter_name":22},1885,"Ciudad portuaria","ciudad-portuaria",42,{"id":272,"name":273,"slug":274,"priority":275,"chapter_name":22},3014,"Ciudad satélite","ciudad-satelite",43,{"id":277,"name":278,"slug":279,"priority":280,"chapter_name":22},1908,"Ciudad universitaria","ciudad-universitaria",44,{"id":5,"name":8,"slug":9,"priority":11,"chapter_name":22},{"id":283,"name":284,"slug":285,"priority":286,"chapter_name":22},3703,"Cobertura vegetal (cubierta vegetal)","cobertura-vegetal-cubierta-vegetal",46,{"id":288,"name":289,"slug":290,"priority":291,"chapter_name":22},3857,"Comarca","comarca",47,{"id":293,"name":294,"slug":295,"priority":296,"chapter_name":22},2217,"Comunidad suburbana","comunidad-suburbana",48,{"id":298,"name":299,"slug":300,"priority":301,"chapter_name":22},2686,"Cono de deyección","cono-de-deyeccion",49,{"id":36,"name":37,"slug":38,"priority":303,"chapter_name":22},50,{"id":305,"name":306,"slug":307,"priority":308,"chapter_name":22},1774,"Conurbación (conurbanización)","conurbacion-conurbanizacion",51,{"id":310,"name":311,"slug":312,"priority":313,"chapter_name":22},851,"Coordenadas geográficas","coordenadas-geograficas",52,{"id":315,"name":316,"slug":317,"priority":318,"chapter_name":22},2324,"Cordillera","cordillera",53,{"id":320,"name":321,"slug":322,"priority":323,"chapter_name":22},2441,"Cordilleras alpinas","cordilleras-alpinas",54,{"id":325,"name":326,"slug":327,"priority":328,"chapter_name":22},3055,"Corografía","corografia",55,{"id":330,"name":331,"slug":332,"priority":333,"chapter_name":22},4030,"Costa de inmersión (costa de hundimiento, costa de transgresión)","costa-de-inmersion-costa-de-hundimiento-costa-de-transgresion",56,{"id":335,"name":336,"slug":337,"priority":338,"chapter_name":22},711,"Costas marítimas","costas-maritimas",57,{"id":340,"name":341,"slug":342,"priority":343,"chapter_name":22},2226,"Cresterío","cresterio",58,{"id":345,"name":346,"slug":347,"priority":348,"chapter_name":22},849,"Cuadrícula de referencia","cuadricula-de-referencia",59,{"id":350,"name":351,"slug":352,"priority":353,"chapter_name":22},226,"Cuenca del Ruhr","cuenca-del-ruhr",60,{"id":355,"name":356,"slug":357,"priority":358,"chapter_name":22},1040,"Deforestación","deforestacion",61,{"id":360,"name":361,"slug":362,"priority":363,"chapter_name":22},1175,"Degradación paisajística, paisajes degradados","degradacion-paisajistica-paisajes-degradados",62,{"id":365,"name":366,"slug":367,"priority":368,"chapter_name":22},471,"Densificación urbana","densificacion-urbana",63,{"id":370,"name":371,"slug":372,"priority":373,"chapter_name":22},2854,"Derrubios","derrubios",64,{"id":375,"name":376,"slug":377,"priority":378,"chapter_name":22},1157,"Desarrollo urbanístico","desarrollo-urbanistico",65,{"id":138,"name":380,"slug":381,"priority":382,"chapter_name":22},"Desiertos alimentarios","desiertos-alimentarios",66,{"id":384,"name":385,"slug":386,"priority":387,"chapter_name":22},1978,"Diversidad geográfica y complejidad geográfica","diversidad-geografica-y-complejidad-geografica",67,{"id":389,"name":390,"slug":391,"priority":392,"chapter_name":22},1743,"División política (división política administrativa)","division-politica-division-politica-administrativa",68,{"id":394,"name":395,"slug":396,"priority":397,"chapter_name":22},1467,"Ecodependencia","ecodependencia",69,{"id":399,"name":400,"slug":401,"priority":402,"chapter_name":22},764,"Ejes de desarrollo","ejes-de-desarrollo",70,{"id":404,"name":405,"slug":406,"priority":407,"chapter_name":22},2697,"Ejes urbanos","ejes-urbanos",71,{"id":409,"name":410,"slug":411,"priority":412,"chapter_name":22},3015,"Emplazamiento urbano","emplazamiento-urbano",72,{"id":414,"name":415,"slug":416,"priority":417,"chapter_name":22},1213,"Encajante (geología)","encajante-geologia",73,{"id":419,"name":420,"slug":421,"priority":422,"chapter_name":22},2568,"Ensanche (urbanización)","ensanche-urbanizacion",74,{"id":424,"name":425,"slug":426,"priority":427,"chapter_name":22},2215,"Entorno físico","entorno-fisico",75,{"id":41,"name":42,"slug":43,"priority":429,"chapter_name":22},76,{"id":431,"name":432,"slug":433,"priority":434,"chapter_name":22},2158,"Escala gráfica","escala-grafica",77,{"id":436,"name":437,"slug":438,"priority":439,"chapter_name":22},2147,"Escala numérica (mapas y planos)","escala-numerica-mapas-y-planos",78,{"id":441,"name":442,"slug":443,"priority":444,"chapter_name":22},1528,"Escollera (dique de escollera, muro de escollera)","escollera-dique-de-escollera-muro-de-escollera",79,{"id":446,"name":447,"slug":448,"priority":449,"chapter_name":22},2358,"Espacio geográfico","espacio-geografico",80,{"id":451,"name":452,"slug":453,"priority":454,"chapter_name":22},1863,"Espacios urbanos (áreas urbanas)","espacios-urbanos-areas-urbanas",81,{"id":456,"name":457,"slug":458,"priority":459,"chapter_name":22},995,"Estabilidad 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