[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":956},["Reactive",2],{"options:asyncdata:$ogpPUTwkW6:/p/agencia-distribuida-jane-bennett:0":3},{"page":4,"book":25,"news":950,"questionSent":19,"questions":951,"formData":952,"attachments":22,"chartData":22,"pending":19,"chartOptions":953,"afspec":19,"aflink":955},{"id":5,"book_id":6,"chapter_id":7,"name":8,"slug":9,"html":10,"priority":11,"created_at":12,"updated_at":13,"created_by":14,"updated_by":18,"draft":19,"markdown":20,"revision_count":15,"template":19,"owned_by":21,"editor":20,"trends":22,"raw_html":23,"tags":24},3967,5,0,"Agencia distribuida (Jane Bennett)","agencia-distribuida-jane-bennett","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-la-agencia-distribui\">La \u003Cstrong>agencia distribuida\u003C/strong> (en inglés, \u003Cem>distributed agency\u003C/em>), a veces traducido también como \u003Cstrong>agencia distributiva\u003C/strong>, es un concepto desarrollado por la filósofa Jane Bennett (1957- ) según el cual la agencia, como capacidad de acción, se desarrolla por parte tanto de personas como de cosas, creando relaciones y formando redes entre ellas. \u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-%C2%A0\"> \u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-%C2%A0-1\"> \u003C/p>",179,"2026-01-22T15:27:05.000000Z","2026-01-22T15:31:36.000000Z",{"id":15,"name":16,"slug":17},1,"Admin","admin",{"id":15,"name":16,"slug":17},false,"",{"id":15,"name":16,"slug":17},null,"\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-la-agencia-distribui\">La \u003Cstrong>agencia distribuida\u003C/strong> (en inglés, \u003Cem>distributed agency\u003C/em>), a veces traducido también como \u003Cstrong>agencia distributiva\u003C/strong>, es un concepto desarrollado por la filósofa Jane Bennett (1957- ) según el cual la agencia, como capacidad de acción, se desarrolla por parte tanto de personas como de cosas, creando relaciones y formando redes entre ellas. \u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-%C2%A0\"> \u003C/p>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-%C2%A0-1\"> \u003C/p>",[],{"id":6,"name":26,"slug":27,"description":20,"created_at":28,"updated_at":29,"created_by":15,"updated_by":15,"owned_by":15,"default_template_id":22,"pages":30,"index":61,"shelves":943},"Filosofía general","filosofia-general","2023-05-06T08:36:06.000000Z","2023-05-07T11:56:13.000000Z",[31,36,41,46,51,56],{"id":32,"name":33,"slug":34,"html":35},644,"Paradigma exploratorio (método exploratorio, fase exploratoria)","paradigma-exploratorio-metodo-exploratorio-fase-exploratoria","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-el-paradigma-explora\">El \u003Cstrong>paradigma exploratorio o método exploratorio\u003C/strong>, como parte de una investigación más amplia también denominado fase exploratoria, es un tipo o fase de investigación que busca un acercamiento a un aspecto de la realidad, generalmente novedoso, de modo neutral, sin aplicar conceptos y teorías previos y sin establecer hipótesis fuertes sobre aquel. Implica, por tanto, una actitud abierta a un fenómeno determinado, para conocer sus principales elementos, relaciones  y características, de forma que pueda plantearse a continuación un marco conceptual, un modelo teórico con hipótesis concretas, que a la postre pueda ser desarrollado y confirmado a través de métodos y paradigmas de investigación más profundos, como el \u003Cstrong>paradigma positivista\u003C/strong>. De esta forma, podemos decir que su aplicación no es más que  una fase exploratoria dentro del desarrollo de un paradigma de investigación más amplio.\u003C/p>",{"id":37,"name":38,"slug":39,"html":40},3658,"Individualismo","individualismo","\u003Cdiv class=\"row\" id=\"bkmrk-el-individualismo-es\">\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"col-md-12 col-xs-12\">El\u003Cstrong> individualismo\u003C/strong> es la actitud filosófica y política que da prioridad al individuo o persona, anteponiendo sus derechos e intereses personales, morales, económicos y de otra índole, a la sociedad, al estado o a la comunidad política o sociológica. Según esta definición, el individualismo sería el principio fundamental de la doctrina del liberalismo, defendiendo en paricular las libertades económicas individuales. Su proceso de desarrollo o individualización ha sido un proceso de diferenciación social desarrollado a lo largo de la modernidad y la industrialización.\u003Cbr>\u003Cbr>Desde otro punto de vista más común, el individualismo es también la actitud de la persona que piensa y actúa de forma independiente, llegando a las reglas y costumbres generales y en el extremo, hasta el egoísmo, sin fijarse en las otras personas; se dice que las personas que actúan así son individualistas. Los conceptos opuestos son el comunismo y el comunismo.\u003C/div>\r\n\u003C/div>\r\n\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-%C2%A0\"> \u003C/p>",{"id":42,"name":43,"slug":44,"html":45},3688,"Opinión","opinion","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-la-opini%C3%B3n%2C-del-lat%C3%AD\">La \u003Cstrong>opinión\u003C/strong>, del latín \u003Cem>obinere\u003C/em>, \"penetrar  a la fuerza\", es la impresión o juicio subjetivo y personal que desarrolla un sujeto sobre un tema determinado. En la filosofía antigua se denomina \u003Cem>doxa\u003C/em> y se contrapone al concepto de \u003Cem>aletheia\u003C/em> o verdad. \u003C/p>",{"id":47,"name":48,"slug":49,"html":50},2456,"Mundo sensible y mundo inteligible","mundo-sensible-y-mundo-inteligible","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-el-mundo-sensible-%28t\">\u003Cstrong>El mundo sensible (también mundo visible) y el mundo inteligible (también mundo de las ideas)\u003C/strong> son los términos con que el filósofo Platón designa los dos aspectos que conforman la realidad. El \u003Cstrong>mundo sensible o visible\u003C/strong> es la realidad que recibimos a través de los sentidos, el mundo físico, que es pura apariencia, efímera, cambiante e imperfecta, como mostró en el mito de la caverna. Por otro lado, el \u003Cstrong>mundo inteligible o mundo de las ideas\u003C/strong>  es el mundo de las ideas, eterno y perfecto, que comprende las ideas universales o conceptos elementales de las cosas físicas, que sólo es reconocible desde la razón, y a través del cual podemos comprender el mundosensible.\u003Cbr>\u003Cbr>Esta distinción ontológica la traslada también Platón a la epistemología, distinguiendo dos grados de conocimiento. Como el mundo sensible es pura apariencia, el conocimiento al respecto será necesariamente subjetivo, lo que Platón llama \u003Cstrong>doxa\u003C/strong>. El conocimiento verdadero,\u003Cstrong> \u003Cem>\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/episteme\">episteme\u003C/a>\u003C/em>\u003C/strong> en boca de Platón, es que procede del mundo de las ideas.\u003C/p>",{"id":52,"name":53,"slug":54,"html":55},3735,"Arkhé (arjé, arché)","arkhe-arje-arche","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-en-la-filosof%C3%ADa-grie\">En la filosofía griega antigua, \u003Cstrong>arkhé, arjé o arché\u003C/strong> es un concepto y un problema abordado por los filósofos presocráticos; mientras que literalmente \u003Cem>arkhé\u003C/em> significa principio o origen, los filósofos presocráticos hacían referencia con ese concepto al principio o elemento primordial de la \u003Cem>physis\u003C/em> o naturaleza. Como principio de la physis, la palabra \u003Cem>arkhé\u003C/em> tiene varias acepciones; por un lado, es la materia primordial y componente del universo y de todos los seres; por otro, también es considerado como el origen de todos los cambios que se producen en el universo. De un modo u otro, \u003Cem>arkhé\u003C/em> fue un problema sobre el que reflexionaron la mayoría de los filósofos presocráticos: para Tales era el agua; para Anaximando el \u003Cem>\u003Ca href=\"https://ikusmira.org/p/apeiron/\">apeirón\u003C/a>\u003C/em>; para Anaximenes, el aire; para Heráclito, el fuego, que consideraba el origen del cambio; para Parménides, el ser; para Empédocles, la tierra, el agua, el aire y el fuego; para Anaximando, el \u003Cem>nous\u003C/em> y los átomos para Leucipo y Demócrito.\u003C/p>",{"id":57,"name":58,"slug":59,"html":60},1324,"Apeiron","apeiron","\u003Cp id=\"bkmrk-apeiron-es-el-princi\">\u003Cstrong>Apeiron\u003C/strong> es el principio o \u003Cem>arkhé\u003C/em> que el filósofo presocrático Anaximandro propuso como elemento fundamental de todas las cosas. Apeiron sería lo que no tiene límites, lo indefinido, coincidiendo con su etimología (a-, \"ausencia\"; peras, \"límite\"), aunque no queda claro si constituye una sustancia o un concepto más abstracto, de aspecto incluso matemático segúin algunos. Comparte su carácter de principio fundamental del universo, con otras principios propuestos por otros filósofos anteriores a Sócrates, cono el agua propuesto como principio por Tales de Mileto, o el aire, propuesto por Anaxímenes. En ese sentido, es un filósofo monista por atribuir un principio único de las cosas, pero llegando a un nivel de abstracción mayor, dada la infinitud del apeiron. Según algunas interpretaciones, los pitagóricos  habrían considerado negativamente al apeiron, dado que para ellos la perfección venía dada por la idea de límite, y no por la idea de lo indefinido o infinito.\u003C/p>",{"":62},[63,67,72,77,82,86,91,96,100,104,109,114,119,123,128,133,138,143,148,153,158,162,167,172,177,182,187,192,197,202,207,212,217,222,227,232,237,242,247,252,257,262,267,269,274,279,284,289,294,299,304,309,314,319,324,329,334,339,344,349,354,359,364,369,374,379,384,389,394,399,404,409,414,419,424,429,434,439,441,446,451,456,461,466,471,476,481,486,491,495,500,505,510,515,520,525,530,535,540,545,550,555,560,565,570,575,580,585,589,594,599,604,609,614,619,624,629,633,637,642,647,652,657,662,667,671,676,681,686,691,695,700,705,707,712,717,722,727,732,737,742,747,752,757,762,767,772,777,782,787,792,797,802,807,812,817,822,827,831,836,841,846,851,856,861,866,871,876,881,883,885,887,892,897,902,907,912,917,922,927,928,933,938],{"id":64,"name":65,"slug":66,"priority":15,"chapter_name":22},8,"Mal absoluto","mal-absoluto",{"id":68,"name":69,"slug":70,"priority":71,"chapter_name":22},20,"Racionalismo","racionalismo",2,{"id":73,"name":74,"slug":75,"priority":76,"chapter_name":22},88,"Idea del Bien (Platón)","idea-del-bien-platon",3,{"id":78,"name":79,"slug":80,"priority":81,"chapter_name":22},107,"Referente empírico","referente-empirico",4,{"id":83,"name":84,"slug":85,"priority":6,"chapter_name":22},116,"Scientia non duplicanda est","scientia-non-duplicanda-est",{"id":87,"name":88,"slug":89,"priority":90,"chapter_name":22},117,"Objeto material y objeto formal","objeto-material-y-objeto-formal",6,{"id":92,"name":93,"slug":94,"priority":95,"chapter_name":22},124,"Paradigma fenomenológico","paradigma-fenomenologico",7,{"id":97,"name":98,"slug":99,"priority":95,"chapter_name":22},243,"Ultima ratio","ultima-ratio",{"id":101,"name":102,"slug":103,"priority":64,"chapter_name":22},157,"Razón autorreflexiva","razon-autorreflexiva",{"id":105,"name":106,"slug":107,"priority":108,"chapter_name":22},190,"Ficcionalismo","ficcionalismo",9,{"id":110,"name":111,"slug":112,"priority":113,"chapter_name":22},202,"Verdad moral","verdad-moral",10,{"id":115,"name":116,"slug":117,"priority":118,"chapter_name":22},207,"Libertad individual","libertad-individual",11,{"id":120,"name":121,"slug":122,"priority":118,"chapter_name":22},286,"Supuesto (suposición)","supuesto-suposicion",{"id":124,"name":125,"slug":126,"priority":127,"chapter_name":22},215,"Verdad lógica","verdad-logica",12,{"id":129,"name":130,"slug":131,"priority":132,"chapter_name":22},273,"Paradigma materialista","paradigma-materialista",13,{"id":134,"name":135,"slug":136,"priority":137,"chapter_name":22},277,"Paradigma dominante (paradigma prevaleciente)","paradigma-dominante-paradigma-prevaleciente",14,{"id":139,"name":140,"slug":141,"priority":142,"chapter_name":22},290,"Caja negra","caja-negra",15,{"id":144,"name":145,"slug":146,"priority":147,"chapter_name":22},300,"Razonamiento circular","razonamiento-circular",16,{"id":149,"name":150,"slug":151,"priority":152,"chapter_name":22},316,"Análisis multiescalar","analisis-multiescalar",18,{"id":154,"name":155,"slug":156,"priority":157,"chapter_name":22},331,"Hipótesis de trabajo","hipotesis-de-trabajo",19,{"id":159,"name":160,"slug":161,"priority":68,"chapter_name":22},354,"Justicia conmutativa","justicia-conmutativa",{"id":163,"name":164,"slug":165,"priority":166,"chapter_name":22},355,"El movimiento se demuestra andando","el-movimiento-se-demuestra-andando",21,{"id":168,"name":169,"slug":170,"priority":171,"chapter_name":22},356,"Solvitur ambulando","solvitur-ambulando",22,{"id":173,"name":174,"slug":175,"priority":176,"chapter_name":22},362,"Compartimentalización (epistemología)","compartimentalizacion-epistemologia",23,{"id":178,"name":179,"slug":180,"priority":181,"chapter_name":22},374,"Cambio cualitativo","cambio-cualitativo",24,{"id":183,"name":184,"slug":185,"priority":186,"chapter_name":22},385,"Ética referencial","etica-referencial",25,{"id":188,"name":189,"slug":190,"priority":191,"chapter_name":22},417,"Espacialización","espacializacion",26,{"id":193,"name":194,"slug":195,"priority":196,"chapter_name":22},447,"Escepticismo ético","escepticismo-etico",27,{"id":198,"name":199,"slug":200,"priority":201,"chapter_name":22},457,"Interpretativismo (paradigma interpretativo, paradigma interpretativista)","interpretativismo-paradigma-interpretativo-paradigma-interpretativista",28,{"id":203,"name":204,"slug":205,"priority":206,"chapter_name":22},470,"Apertura existencial","apertura-existencial",29,{"id":208,"name":209,"slug":210,"priority":211,"chapter_name":22},480,"Teorización","teorizacion",30,{"id":213,"name":214,"slug":215,"priority":216,"chapter_name":22},510,"Sustancialización","sustancializacion",31,{"id":218,"name":219,"slug":220,"priority":221,"chapter_name":22},523,"Ontologización","ontologizacion",32,{"id":223,"name":224,"slug":225,"priority":226,"chapter_name":22},537,"Socialismo científico (comunismo científico)","socialismo-cientifico-comunismo-cientifico",33,{"id":228,"name":229,"slug":230,"priority":231,"chapter_name":22},547,"Totalizante","totalizante",34,{"id":233,"name":234,"slug":235,"priority":236,"chapter_name":22},574,"Objeto material y formal de la fisiología","objeto-material-y-formal-de-la-fisiologia",35,{"id":238,"name":239,"slug":240,"priority":241,"chapter_name":22},588,"Objeto material y formal de la anatomía","objeto-material-y-formal-de-la-anatomia",36,{"id":243,"name":244,"slug":245,"priority":246,"chapter_name":22},591,"Objeto material y formal de la citología","objeto-material-y-formal-de-la-citologia",37,{"id":248,"name":249,"slug":250,"priority":251,"chapter_name":22},598,"Cientismo (cientifismo, cientificismo)","cientismo-cientifismo-cientificismo",38,{"id":253,"name":254,"slug":255,"priority":256,"chapter_name":22},617,"Verdad epistemológica y verdad ontológica","verdad-epistemologica-y-verdad-ontologica",39,{"id":258,"name":259,"slug":260,"priority":261,"chapter_name":22},622,"Objetividad","objetividad",40,{"id":263,"name":264,"slug":265,"priority":266,"chapter_name":22},636,"Objeto material y formal de la filosofía","objeto-material-y-formal-de-la-filosofia",41,{"id":32,"name":33,"slug":34,"priority":268,"chapter_name":22},42,{"id":270,"name":271,"slug":272,"priority":273,"chapter_name":22},647,"Paradigma empírico-analítico","paradigma-empirico-analitico",43,{"id":275,"name":276,"slug":277,"priority":278,"chapter_name":22},659,"Ética de mínimos","etica-de-minimos",44,{"id":280,"name":281,"slug":282,"priority":283,"chapter_name":22},660,"Ética de máximos","etica-de-maximos",45,{"id":285,"name":286,"slug":287,"priority":288,"chapter_name":22},669,"Paradigma emergente","paradigma-emergente",46,{"id":290,"name":291,"slug":292,"priority":293,"chapter_name":22},671,"Paradigma postpositivista (postpositivismo)","paradigma-postpositivista-postpositivismo",47,{"id":295,"name":296,"slug":297,"priority":298,"chapter_name":22},689,"Ecosofía","ecosofia",48,{"id":300,"name":301,"slug":302,"priority":303,"chapter_name":22},706,"Verdad relativa","verdad-relativa",49,{"id":305,"name":306,"slug":307,"priority":308,"chapter_name":22},707,"Verdad subjetiva","verdad-subjetiva",50,{"id":310,"name":311,"slug":312,"priority":313,"chapter_name":22},766,"Banalidad y banalización","banalidad-y-banalizacion",51,{"id":315,"name":316,"slug":317,"priority":318,"chapter_name":22},799,"Igualdad natural","igualdad-natural",52,{"id":320,"name":321,"slug":322,"priority":323,"chapter_name":22},876,"Incertidumbre","incertidumbre",53,{"id":325,"name":326,"slug":327,"priority":328,"chapter_name":22},885,"Esencialización","esencializacion",54,{"id":330,"name":331,"slug":332,"priority":333,"chapter_name":22},905,"Ecoética","ecoetica",55,{"id":335,"name":336,"slug":337,"priority":338,"chapter_name":22},915,"Conceptualización","conceptualizacion",56,{"id":340,"name":341,"slug":342,"priority":343,"chapter_name":22},922,"Abstracto","abstracto",57,{"id":345,"name":346,"slug":347,"priority":348,"chapter_name":22},954,"Materialismo histórico dialéctico","materialismo-historico-dialectico",58,{"id":350,"name":351,"slug":352,"priority":353,"chapter_name":22},996,"Juicio diferido","juicio-diferido",59,{"id":355,"name":356,"slug":357,"priority":358,"chapter_name":22},1004,"Naturaleza humana","naturaleza-humana",60,{"id":360,"name":361,"slug":362,"priority":363,"chapter_name":22},1043,"Generalización","generalizacion",61,{"id":365,"name":366,"slug":367,"priority":368,"chapter_name":22},1062,"Seres contingentes","seres-contingentes",62,{"id":370,"name":371,"slug":372,"priority":373,"chapter_name":22},1087,"Lógica formal","logica-formal",63,{"id":375,"name":376,"slug":377,"priority":378,"chapter_name":22},1115,"Caesar non est supra grammaticos","caesar-non-est-supra-grammaticos",64,{"id":380,"name":381,"slug":382,"priority":383,"chapter_name":22},1133,"Dogmatismo","dogmatismo",65,{"id":385,"name":386,"slug":387,"priority":388,"chapter_name":22},1171,"Tolerancia","tolerancia",66,{"id":390,"name":391,"slug":392,"priority":393,"chapter_name":22},1179,"Verdad (Platón)","verdad-platon",67,{"id":395,"name":396,"slug":397,"priority":398,"chapter_name":22},1180,"Necesidad filosófica","necesidad-filosofica",68,{"id":400,"name":401,"slug":402,"priority":403,"chapter_name":22},1195,"Condición sine qua non","condicion-sine-qua-non",69,{"id":405,"name":406,"slug":407,"priority":408,"chapter_name":22},1209,"Fundamentos científicos","fundamentos-cientificos",70,{"id":410,"name":411,"slug":412,"priority":413,"chapter_name":22},1208,"Monopsiquismo","monopsiquismo",71,{"id":415,"name":416,"slug":417,"priority":418,"chapter_name":22},1222,"Espíritu","espiritu",72,{"id":420,"name":421,"slug":422,"priority":423,"chapter_name":22},1228,"Altruismo eficaz","altruismo-eficaz",73,{"id":425,"name":426,"slug":427,"priority":428,"chapter_name":22},1264,"Contextualización","contextualizacion",74,{"id":430,"name":431,"slug":432,"priority":433,"chapter_name":22},1275,"Agustín de Hipona: ideas ejemplares","agustin-de-hipona-ideas-ejemplares",75,{"id":435,"name":436,"slug":437,"priority":438,"chapter_name":22},1303,"Inteligencia ordenadora","inteligencia-ordenadora",76,{"id":57,"name":58,"slug":59,"priority":440,"chapter_name":22},77,{"id":442,"name":443,"slug":444,"priority":445,"chapter_name":22},1388,"Simplex intuitus","simplex-intuitus",78,{"id":447,"name":448,"slug":449,"priority":450,"chapter_name":22},1457,"Autenticidad","autenticidad",79,{"id":452,"name":453,"slug":454,"priority":455,"chapter_name":22},1471,"Razón secular","razon-secular",80,{"id":457,"name":458,"slug":459,"priority":460,"chapter_name":22},1506,"Hombre masa","hombre-masa",81,{"id":462,"name":463,"slug":464,"priority":465,"chapter_name":22},1509,"Res cogitans (cosa pensante)","res-cogitans-cosa-pensante",82,{"id":467,"name":468,"slug":469,"priority":470,"chapter_name":22},1604,"Objeto material y formal de la 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